Handyside v United Kingdom - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2716 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Title: Freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of a [democratic]society[It]is applicable not only to information or ideas that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb the state or any sector of the population. Handyside v United Kingdom Essay on Freedom of Expression The case of Handyside v United Kingdom (1979) is a prime example of the competing issues faced by the Courts when deciding whether or not to allow an individual to freely exercise his freedom of expression, or to permit the laws of the land to curtail the same. Any discourse about freedom of expression however, must first include a brief insight into the history of this right, which is a cornerstone of a democratic society. In the English constitutional system, the laws are passed by Parliament, which is regarded as supreme[i]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Handyside v United Kingdom" essay for you Create order Despite the importance with which the fundamental right to freedom of expression is revered in the UK, the Legislator has had to act to occasionally curtail this right to ensure the just and fair administration of society. Freedom of expression encompasses more than just oral expression. It has been defined as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.[ii] In the British constitutional system, a person is free to do or say as he/she pleases unless otherwise restricted by law. Sir William Blackstone, who was a staunch advocate of an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fundamental rights, and wrote and lectured extensively on the subject in the mid-eighteenth century, stated that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"This liberty, rightly understood consists in power of doing whatever the laws pe rmit[iii]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It is said that the opinions of Sir William Blackstone carried such sway in jurisprudential circles that they were even felt on the laws and the Constitution of the United States of America[iv]. For instance, documents such as the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bill of Rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in 1791 enshrined, inter alia, fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and that one should not be deprived of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life, liberty or property without due process of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[v] A more recent example of the above-mentioned rights can be found in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[vi], and even more recently in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ECHRà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢), which the UK is a signatory to. Some would say that the impact of the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision to subscribe to the ECHR, which consequently hands over supervisory jurisdiction to the Strasbourg Court, called into question the fundamental and long standing doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy. Whilst this may or may not be the case, in English constitutional system, Parliament is Supreme, and can, in theory, decide to pass legislation which annuls the ECHR if it so chooses. Sir William Blackstone in the Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol 1 describes the UK constitutional system as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“..the legislature, being in truth the sovereign power, is always of equal, always of absolute authority: it acknowledges no superior on earth..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [vii]. This statement expounds the notion of Parliamentary Supremacy in the English constitutional system. Whilst we do not have a written constitution as such, we do have certain statutes and charters purporting to perform similar functions. The most salient of which are as follows: Magna Carta 1215; The Petition of Rights 1627; and The Bill of Rights 1689. The aforementioned are not statues per se, but are documents embodying the monarchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acceptance of certain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"demands by Parliament and its peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Albeit these documents are not statutes, they do have statutory force, but do not essentially concern the topic under discussion; the freedom of expression. As briefly highlighted above, the constitutional laws of Britain are used in order to restrict liberties that are deemed not to be conducive for public good or the society at large. Such liberties can, and will, only be curtailed to achieve a legitimate aim to ensure the due and just administration of the whole country. It ought to be borne in mind however, that such limitations can only be enforced by law and not arbitrary power. That said, there is a constitutional right to the freedom of expression in England: see Brown v. Cassell Co. Ltd[viii]. Whilst this is the case, as a signatory to the ECHR, the UK is also obliged to comply with the ECHR, which was incorporated into domestic law with introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998.[ix] It is fair to say that the incorporation of the ECHR into UK domestic law has effectively reinforced a UK citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to freedom of expression. The extent to how this translates in practice can be illustrated in the case of: Handyside v United Kingdom[x]. At paragraph 49 of its judgment the court said: The courts supervisory functions oblige it to pay the utmost attention to the principles characterising a democratic society. freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of such a society, one of the basic conditions for its progress and for the development of every manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This means, amongst other things, that every formality, condition, restriction or penalty imposed in this sphere must be proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued. The above case was a prime example of a set of circumstances where the U K Government deemed it necessary to curtail an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, Mr Handysideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, right to freedom of expression. The case involved the publication and distribution of material that was ruled to be contrary to the Obscene Publications Act 1959.[xi] Whilst both the Strasbourg Court and the UK Government undoubtedly hold the freedom of expression in high regard, the appeal was overwhelmingly rejected by the Court; the judges agreeing by majority of 13 to 1 that the UK Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s laws restricting Mr Handysideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s freedom of expression were legally sound. Pursuant to Article 10 of the ECHR: 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article (art. 10) shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cin ema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. The above-mentioned Article highlights that, whilst being a fundamental right, the right to freedom of expression is a qualified right by virtue of Article 10 (2), and not absolute. Therefore, when faced with a case of this nature, the Courts are required to undertake the arduous task of attempting to strike a fair and proportionate balance between the freedom of expression on the one side, and curtailing those rights in accordance with Article10 (2) of the ECHR on the other. For instance, a notable case, which was heard in the House of Lords, was the case of Naomi Campbell (Appellant) v MGN Limited (Respondent)[xii], which, as noted by Lord Nichols of Birkenhead (at paragraph 12) concerned: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The familiar competition between freedom of expression and respect for individual privacy. Both are vitally important rights. Neither has precedence over the other.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Following much deliberation, the House allowed the appeal. Lord Carswell, at paragraph 171, saying: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I would accordingly hold that the publication of the third, fourth and fifth elements in the article constituted an infringement of the appellants right to privacy that cannot be justified and that she is entitled to a remedy. I would allow the appeal and restore the judges order.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ In the not too dissimilar case of Reynolds v. Times News paper Ltd and Other[xiii], the House of Lords had to decide between the following two fundamental rights: freedom of expression and the protection of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reputation. At paragraph 32, Lord Nichols of Birkenhead, stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"..any curtailment of freedom of expression must be convincingly established by a compelling countervailing consideration, and the means employed must be proportionate to the end sought to be achieved.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The House, by a 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2 majority dismissed the appeal. This clearly illustrates the complex and often fine balance that has to be struck between the competing issues in such cases. That said, when faced with a more serious issue, for instance national security, the Lords have illustrated that they will not refrain from curtailing the right to freedom of expression if needs must. In the case of Shayler, R.v [xiv]. Lord Bingham of Cornhill summarized (at paragraph 24) the issues to be decided as fo llows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"It is on the question of necessity, pressing social need and proportionality that the real issue between the parties arisesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. He further states (at paragraph 26): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The acid test is whether, in all the circumstances, the interference with the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s convention right is prescribed by national law is greater than is required to meet the legitimate object which the state seeks to achieveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..The Official Secrets Act 1989, as it applies to the appellant, must be considered in that context.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ In this case, their Lordships unanimously ruled that Mr Shaylerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to freedom of expression had to be curtailed as the: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ECHR allows restrictions to be imposed upon the right of freedom of expression if, but only if, the restriction is prescribed by law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (at paragraph 40) It was found in the Shayler case that where the issue of national security was at stake, the freedom of expression was just too high a price to pay. It can be garnered from the above judgments that the Courts have struggled with the competing issues of freedom of expression on one side and the equally valid and opposing issues on the other. In seeking to strike a proportionate balance between the two, the Courts have, in general, endeavored to safeguard the right to freedom of expression, to ensure it remains à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"..one of the essential foundations [in]. society..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Only when faced with the countervailing issues that just cannot be reconciled if society is to be allowed a margin of appreciation in prescribing suitable laws, to ensure that its interests are protected, is when we find the legislature, and ultimately the courts, ruling that the curtailment of this right ought to be enforced. This illustrates that whilst in our c onstitutional establishment, we enjoy unparallel liberties and freedoms, particularly in relation to the freedom of expression. This fundamental right ought not to be, and is not, permitted without the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need to act with some degree of consideration and responsibility for our fellow citizens, to ensure that our freedom of expression does not cross the line of what may à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"offend, shock or disturbà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. As pointed out by Sir William Blackstone, the constitutional make-up of the UK is one which entrusts its citizens with the liberty to act with decorum in society. This is the liberty to bear the personal responsibility of striking a fair balance between freedom of expression on one side, and the parameters which are prescribed by law on the other, rendering the expression unlawful. Where an individual over steps this mark, the Courts, as illustrated, will not hesitate to rule in favour of limiting or censoring the f reedom of expression, by applying and interpreting the law in a manner that achieves the desired outcome of striking a proportionate balance between the competing factors. Article 10 (2) was drafted accordingly to, when necessary, allow member states to restrict the freedom of expression of those who fail to act in a conscientious and disciplined manner. That said, the incorporation of the ECHR into domestic law has reinforced the right to freedom of expression. This is a fundamental right that the Courts have proved that they will endeavour to safeguard as vehemently as they possess the power to do so. It is a right that all citizens of democratic countries, the UK legislature, members of the judiciary and those of the Strasbourg Court, hold in high regard. As noted, at paragraph 52 of its judgment in Vogt v Germany (1995) 21 EHRR 205, the court: ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.reiterates the basic principles laid down in its judgments concerning article 10: (1) freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and each individuals self-fulfilment. Subject to article 10(2), it is applicable not only to information or ideas that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb; such are the demands of that pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no democratic society. Legislation and case law clearly suggest that the freedom of expression is valued highly, and is viewed as a fundamental right that ought not to be tampered with lightly. However, the case law, in both the UK courts and that of Strasbourg, has evidenced that when faced with a case of this nature, the issues are closely scrutinized to ensure that the right balance is struck for the greater good of democracy. That being the case, the Judges have demonstrated that they are best placed and equ ipped to determine when it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“necessaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to restrict the fundamental right to freedom of expression, if it is deemed to be impervious to the customs and laws of the land. Such a judgment is not made lightly however, as noted by Lord Bingham of Cornhill in the Shayler case (at paragraph 23): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"It is plain from the language of article 10(2), and the European Court has repeatedly held, that any national restriction on freedom of expression can be consistent with article 10(2) only if it is prescribed by law, is directed to one or more of the objectives specified in the article and is shown by the state concerned to be necessary in a democratic society. Necessary has been strongly interpreted: it is not synonymous with indispensable, neither has it the flexibility of such expressions as admissible, ordinary, useful, reasonable or desirable.[xv] GLOBAL WORD COUNT: 2557 Bibliography Text Books: Munro, Studies in Constitutional and Administrative Law, London, Butterworthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s D. Yardley, Constitutional and Administrative Law, 8th Edition, Butterworthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Articles: Sir W. Blackstone, The Commentaries of the Laws of England, Vol. 1 (1765-1769) UK Legislation: Human Rights Act 1998 UK Case Law: Campbell (Appellant) v MGN Limited (Respondent) [2004] UKHL 22 Reynolds v. Times Newspaper Ltd and Other [1999] UKHL 45, [1999] 4 ALL ER 609 [1999] 3 WLR 1010 (28th October, 1999) Shayler, R.v [2002] UKHL 11 (21st March, 2002) Debnath, R. v [2005] EWCA Crim 3472 (02 December 2005) A v B amp; C [2002] EWCA Civ 337 (11th March, 2002) Strasbourg Case Law: Lindon, Otchakovsky-Laurens and July v. France 21279/02 [2007] ECHR 836 (22 October 2007) Case of Handyside v The United Kingdom (Application no. 5493/72) (7th December 1976) Alithia Publishing Company Ltd 17550/03 [2008] ECHR 420 (Application no. 17550/03) (22 May 2008) International/European In struments: European Convention on Human Rights and the Protection of Fundamental Freedoms (1950) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) Internet Sources: www.unhcr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm https://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/ 1 Footnotes [i] This is termed the Doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy. [ii] See Article 19 (2) of the international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1996).Entered into force on 23 March 1976. [iii] See, Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol 1, Sect. 1 (1765 -1769) [iv] See H. G.Hanbury The Vinerian Chair and Legal Education (1958) Ch. III [v] The French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) provides similar rights. [vi] Freedom of expression is recognised under Article 19. Also see, Article 13 of the American Convention of Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Convention on Human and Peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Rights. [vii] Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol 1. [viii] [1972] AC 1024. [ix] Came into force October 2000. [x] (1979) EHRR 737, 753-755, paras 48-49. [xi] as amended by section 1 (1) of the Obscene Publications Act 1964. [xii] [2004] UKHL 22 [xiii] [1999] UKHL 45, [1999] 4 ALL ER 609 [1999] 3 WLR 1010 (2 8th October, 1999) [xiv] [2002] UKHL 11 (21st March, 2002) [xv] Handyside v United Kingdom (1976) 1 EHRR 737, 754, para. 48.

How Cobs Organic Popcorn - Lightly Salted - 1026 Words

1. Introduction of the report (50-92) The purpose of this report is to identify how Cobs organic popcorn – lightly salted, slightly sweet uses the Marketing Mix to attract their target market and effects on consumer purchase decisions. â€Å"Marketing Mix† is made up of 4P’s of marketing. This tool blends these variables together to produce the results it wants to achieve in its specific target market. â€Å"Brand Position† mentions to consumer’s reason to buy the products in preference to others. This report refers to one purpose, at the 7-11 petrol station on Flemington Road, Flemington on 29th July 2015. 2. Analysis of the Marketing Mix and the Brand Positioning 2.1.The product category (50- 57) This product is the Cobs original lightly salted, slightly sweet flavor organic popcorn (40g); it is a delicious and healthy snack. Cobs offer organic, flavored and natural varieties. Also, they are 100% Australian made. The product belongs to the ‘snack’ category. This category has 10 sub-categories, includes biscuits, cereal bars, cookies, doughnuts, popcorn and snack foods etc. 2.2.The 4P’s 2.2.1 Product (125-141 ) Cobs famous organic popcorn: Sweet salty flavor is made of the very best natural ingredients - 100% wholegrain corn with the goodness of high oleic sunflower oil and free of anything artificial. Consumers would buy this product because healthy and great tasting. It is better than other snacks and junk foods. The Cobs Naturals range is available in other flavors, such

Essay on Civil Rights Act of 1964 - 6131 Words

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Danielle Endler Human Resources 4050, Spring 2013 Semester Professor David Penkrot May 3, 2013 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered by some to be one of the most important laws in American history. (The Most Important Cases, Speeches, Laws Documents in American History) This Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964 and it is a â€Å"comprehensive federal statute aimed at reducing discrimination in public accommodations and employment situations.† (Feuerbach Twomey, 2010) Specifically, it aimed at prohibiting â€Å"discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex (including pregnancy), and religion.† (Civil Rights Act of 1964, 2010) Additionally, it also†¦show more content†¦It also allowed black men to join the Union Army and Navy, â€Å"enabling the liberated to become liberators.† (The Emancipation Proclamation) The big change in slavery and the fight for equality did not come until the Thirteenth Amendment was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865 and ratified by the states on December 6, 1 865. With this event, it was declared that â€Å"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† (13th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution) Although this Amendment did give slaves their freedom, it did not guarantee them the same rights nor the same treatment that other citizens of the United States had and took for granted. This was especially seen in the states that â€Å"enacted ‘black codes’ that were intended to limit the civil rights of the newly free slaves.† (Civil Rights) These â€Å"black codes† and the obvious difference in treatment were a large issue, and they were later addressed in the Constitution with the introduction of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified on July 9, 1868 and it made large changes for black individuals. This Amendment â€Å"granted citizenship to ‘all persons born or naturalized in the United States,’ which included former slaves recently freed.† (14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution) It also â€Å"forbids states from denyingShow MoreRelatedCivil Rights Act of 19641840 Words   |  8 PagesBefore the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was commonly practiced in many of the Southern and Border States. This segregation while supposed to be separate but equal, was hardly that. Blacks in the South were discriminated against repeatedly while laws did nothing to protect their individual rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ridded the nation of this legal segregation and cleared a path towards equality and integration. The passage of this Act, while forever alteringRead More Civil Rights Act of 1964 Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Civil Rights Act of 1964 resulted from one of the most controversial House and Senate debates in history. 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Financial Research Proposal - 1623 Words

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Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreImplementing A New Software Or Equipment Or Launching Your Own New Product751 Words   |  4 PagesYou’ll also need to research the current competitive landscape in order to understand whether the proposed idea or action is viable. Whether you are implementing a new software or equipment or launching your own new product, you need to compare the proposed product or service with other similar items on the market. This might mean you need to compare the feasibility of your chosen software (for example, accounting platform) with other products on the market. What are the benefits of your proposedRead MoreSample Resume : Air India740 Words   |  3 Pagesbecoming the 27th member of the globes largest airline alliance. Problems Identified: Since its inception Air India has faced too many problems and was always caught up in controversies. 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Answer Question 1 based on the review of the New York City Financial Plan: AreRead MoreProject Management Of The Project1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe proposal writing process is multifaceted, encompassing both the actual submission of a request for proposal as well as the management of the implementation of received funds. Through class lectures and assigned readings, we’ve discussed the various aspects that make up the process of grant writing. Through this essay, I will explain this process as it leads up the management of the project once funded. Furthermore, this essay will explain how to ensure that the proposal submitted addresses keyRead MoreResearch Proposal1706 Words   |  7 PagesMOI UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. Course: RESEARCH METHODS Course code: ECO 217 Task: GROUP ASSIGNMENT NAMES REG. NO. SIGN 1. HUSSEIN IBRAHIM ABDIRAHMAN ECO/201/O9 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. THIONG AGUTORead MoreCorporate Governance Of The Market Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagessaid, â€Å"Like a rebel politician declaring victory, shareholders can declare their revolution nearly complete.† After the major corporate scandals like Adelphia, WorldCom, Enron, etc.†¦ and the global financial crisis in 2008, there is an even increasing attention on corporate governance issues. The Financial Times declared in February 2011 â€Å"Activists are Back and Bolder than Ever.† In August of the same year, the New York Times again mentioned â€Å"activist investors were escalating their fight for change†

Ict Uses And Applications Of Ict - 2726 Words

ICT USES AND APPLICATIONS 1. How a student and individual can maintain effective communication with his tutor during studies using ICT. To enhance academic performance a regular meeting between the tutor and his student is important, as it helps the teacher to know the student’s area of weakness and tackle it accordingly. To ensure that there is a constant meeting between the teacher and his students, ICT as a tool of communication is sometimes used to complement or supplement physical meeting as in the case on online learning - As mobile communication technologies enable seamless interaction between people and integrate the global network (Arminen, 2007). Evidently, there are various kinds of technological communication tools available, however the ones highlighted here-under are the most learning friendly communication tools i.e. the ones that supports education mostly. These are termed ICT-Education tools enablers and they are: E-mail Messaging: this is an asynchronous system of messaging, unlike the text message email message allows for a complete details of a subject matter. A student can reach his teacher at any time by using the email messaging. Consequently, emails help in reducing the cost of transportation by a student to a meeting with his teacher. A teacher can send a detailed, photographic summary of his lecture to a student for studies, while allowing room for the student to get back to him if he has any question through the same means. It would be veryShow MoreRelatedThe Explosion Of Technology On The Education Scene1667 Words   |  7 Pagesteaching and learning processes (Henson, 2010, p.63). Mercelle (2000) defined ICT as â€Å"complex and heterogeneous set of good applications and services used for producing, distributing, processing and transforming information-including telecoms, TV and radio broadcasting, computer hardware and software, computer services and electronic media (e.g. In ternet, electronic mail, electronic commerce etc.)†. Voogt (2003) explained that ICT is not regarded as a tool which can be added to or used as a substituteRead MoreThe Importance of Information and Communications Technology Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesTechnology Information and communications technology (ICT) is generally regarded as the overlap of computer information and telecommunications technologies, and their applications. In this document the term ICT is used to indicate the whole range of technologies involved in information processing and electronic communications, including the internet, electronic mail and videoconferencing. In recent years ICT has had, and is continuing to have, an increasingly significantRead MoreThe Ict And Its Impact On Education1386 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction The ICT subjects was introduced in secondary schools early 2000’s with poor methodologies. It was that time I was in secondary schools so I saw and even experienced how the mode of computer skills delivery was. The word ‘computer’ itself was a bit knew to most students thou I was very good in mathematics. Shortage of instructors and teaching tools was a big issue. Most young generation fails to express themselves in terms of their future vision because they are blind to the rapidRead MoreInformation And Communications Technology ( Ict ) For Market Access And Information Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagescommunications technology (ICT) for market access and information. SMEs need to have access to and use of ICT to engage in the regional and global economic business networks. If SMEs cannot access to ICT, many of the SMEs are set to lose out on opportunities to integrate into the global supply chain, get potential businesses and increase their productivity or efficie ncy. While ICT can offer multiple benefits to SMEs, those in the Asia-Pacific region are slow to adopt ICT as they face major constraintsRead MoreEmployment in the Information, Communication and Technology Sector1200 Words   |  5 Pagesinternet. (IBM Research) As a consequence, it is not surprising that there is such high Information, Communications and Technology (ICT) skills demand. In May 2013, FIT Ireland (Fast Track to IT) conducted a skills audit in response to 4500 unfilled ICT job vacancies. FIT found that the predominant cause was an ICT skills shortage. Firstly, this report will describe the ICT sector and its range of occupations in the current climate. Next, this report will detail the qualifications and experience neededRead MoreThe Best Suitable Corporate ICT Governance Model for the Gobà ¡r Saor Corporation Group1443 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate ICT Governance model (if any) for the Gobà ¡n Saor Construction Group (GSC). This report describes different ICT Governance characteristics and solutions from the concepts to the recommendation for the specific case of GSC described in the following sections: †¢ ICT Governance: describes what ICT Governance is, including its expected benefits, its possible problems and the main ICT Governance alternatives. †¢ Gobà ¡n Saor Construction: specifies the actual status of GSC in terms of ICT GovernanceRead MoreImproving Efficiency And Effectiveness Of Learning1093 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In the past decade, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has developed its potential to enable national economic, social, and educational development. Online learning has been promoted as being most effective, more convenient, and providing increased opportunities for the lifelong learner (Olson and Wisher, 2002; Richardson and Swan, 2003). In Thailand, the government started educational reform the 2nd in the 2002 National Education Act (NEA). The purpose of this reform focusedRead MoreA Brief Note On Open And Distance Learning1729 Words   |  7 Pagesmainstream of educational system both in developing as well as in the developed countries with particular emphasis for the former. This growth has been the result of the interest that has been evinced both by the trainers as well as the educators in the use of new, Internet-based and multimedia technologies and also by taking cognizance of the fact that the traditional ways of learning need to be strengthened and substantiated by innovative methods, if the fundamental right of all the people for learningRead MoreIct And The Appropriate Instructional Design Of Tools For Ict1562 Words   |  7 Pagessupported by ICT process in developing countries like Tanzania is inevitable (Sanga et al., 2013). Although PSS in Tanzania have poor environments for teaching and learning , limited number of teaching staff, limited number of text and reference books as well as large number of students in classrooms but ICT can solve some of these prevailing problems (Table 7).By using different ICT tools for teaching and learning will enable teachers and students to know the subject matter easier because ICT can enableRead MoreIct For The Development Of Smes Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesICT for the development of SMEs in Myanmar Governments around the world have put in place policies to encourage the growth of local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as they can help directly alleviate poverty by increasing income levels and creating jobs (ESCAP, 2012). At the same time, the global economy has become increasingly depended on the Information and communications technology (ICT) for market access and information. SMEs need to have access to and use of ICT to engage in the regional

Transition free essay sample

Charles de Gaulle Airport, August 2005. Destination: JFK Airport, NY. With mixed emotions, three pieces of luggage and one ticket in my possession, I was about to board a plane for a life-changing journey. Leaving Paris, my mind was full of questions and doubts about what would happen next. Having been educated in the French school system all my life, I was about to enter a new system and a new school: Scarsdale High. The French education was never right for me because they would not consider my learning differences or try to help me in any way to improve. Scarsdale turned out to be my academic salvation. In September, under sunny skies and warm temperatures, I entered Scarsdale High School. I was wowed. This was the â€Å"American Dream†! (Everything I had seen in movies was right in front of me; lockers in the hallways, cheerleading team posters, football practice outside on the field. We will write a custom essay sample on Transition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) As I walked down the entrance hallway, I was a complete stranger to everyone, and they to me. People stared at me as if I was an alien from outer space. I felt uncomfortable and isolated. With the help of my father, my teachers, my psychologist and my counselor at the high school I managed to move ahead, looking at the positive aspect of my transition. School had started, books were being read, papers were being written, World History was being learned intensively for the Regents, and I was still here. The English vocabulary learned in France was useful, but insufficient. I struggled, day by day, to learn and focus, to concentrate and listen, to listen and to apply what my teachers had taught me. My transition lasted six months. During that time, I had only two friends; socially people thought I was different because of the way I dressed (â€Å"a la francaise†). Everything changed the day I passed my driving test. I became more independent, and was one of the first in my gra de to have my driving license. At the beginning of my junior year, I was prescribed Adderall to help me with my learning disabilities. This changed my life completely. Academically, my grades had varied from D’s to C’s but when I started the medication, they changed, as did I. My grades were now as low as B’s and as high as A+’s. I became more interested in classes and finally started to enjoy school. I particularly enjoyed psychology. The subject was so interesting, and the way it was taught even more so. Rashid Silvera, the teacher, was so enthusiastic about everything. He showed us the most fascinating things about psychology, and totally changed me. Mr. Silvera made an enormous impact on my life and made me realize that life was different than I had imagined. I was so involved in his class, and enjoyed an amazing student-teacher relationship, a relationship I would never have had in France. Socially, the medication made me more confident in tasks tha n I had ever been before, and I was able to enjoy life as a successful student. I was no longer the â€Å"French foreigner† but an American who could interact with others with no problem. This medication has really been life-changing, and has enabled me to show my full capacities. The transition from Paris to Scarsdale has changed me in various ways. I am now interested in school, and enjoy all of my classes. I plan on going to university to pursue my dream of one day becoming head of a marketing company, and learning as much as I can. No Stopping Me Now!

Photographer Sally Mann Essay Example For Students

Photographer Sally Mann Essay Sally Turner Munger (Sally Mann) was born in Lexington, Virginia on May 1st, 1951 to Robert S. Munger and Elizabeth Evans Munger. She was the youngest of three children and their only daughter, she was inspired in the arts area at a young age as her father supported her taking photos. He encouraged him to take photos with his 57 camera. In 1969 she graduated from the Putney School where she began using the dark room. She then later attended both Bennington College and Friends World College. In 1974 she earned a B. A, with the highest honor, from Hollins College and an M. F. A. in creative writing in 1975. She also have eight books. In 1984 Sally first book, Second Sight, was published. Manns first book call Second Sight contains her early landscapes and portraits of women. Her second try, At Twelve: Portraits of Young Women, she takes her female portraiture further than Second Sight by creating images that captured the confusing emotions and developing identities of adolescent girls and expressive printing style lent a dramatic and gloomy mood to all her photos that she took. She thought this would make her images pop even better then then her first book. The consequences of real life: destitution, abuse, unwanted pregnancy. Sally does not deny reality, but records it, faces of her subjects in this book to make it a powerful strong book. Her third book showed her as a talented, controversial, and stylistically unique photographic artist. Immediate Family is Sally most well-known collection of work, was published in 1992, and gain much positive and ne gative criticism. The New York Times said of Immediate Family: probably no photographer in history has enjoyed such a burst of success in the art world. This book was big disapproval, 65 photographs contained her three children at their summer cabin with a river where they are seen playing and swimming nude. The nude photographs made viewers in rage, especially Christian people. She defended her photographs as natural through the eyes of a mother, since she have seen her children in every state: happy, sad, playful, sick, bloodied, angry, and even being nude. After Immediate Family came out in 1994, Still Time came out. A collection of more photos of her children, more abstract photos, and colored landscapes. Still Time marked the transition of her earlier work into her current wet glass collodion process. Sallys fifth, sixth, and seventh books (What Remains, Deep South, and Proud Flesh) collections of photographs taken on wet plate collodion 810 glass negatives. What Remains, is a photo-essay split into five part, explores the idea of death and the stages of deterioration. Deep South is more of gloomy southern landscapes like for example Georgia. Proud Flesh is a six-year study of her husbands muscular dystrophy. In 2010 Sally released a reflection collection entitled The Flesh and the Spirit. It contains both recent and unpublished artwork and was printed in conjunction with a reflection gallery show at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond. She use a 100-year-old 810 bellows view camera to take photos. She works mainly on black and white but also does some color work. Her work is characterized as hazy or ghostly, and includes scratches and print imperfections caused by her collodion process. Overall she has been subject of frequent feminist studies for her portraiture of the feminine form and on female struggles in her work, mainly in At Twelve: Portraits of Young Women. She is praised in the feminist community for making new ground for female fine artists in the field of photography. Sally has proved herself not as just a photographer, but as a talented and strong artist. She creates originally work, using originally processes, and backs it all up with well-informed reasoning. .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 , .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 .postImageUrl , .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 , .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85:hover , .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85:visited , .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85:active { border:0!important; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85:active , .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85 .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua48f3ca7319f075258ff4d127dbccf85:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: FreeLance Photography EssayBibliography: ART21. PBS. 2001. 2012. Mann, Sally. Sally Mann. 2010.