Sexual harassment at work

Sexual harass handst at work Sexual Harass custodyt In todays society, manpower in the government activity understand how to achieve higher(prenominal) eyeshots than women. Indeed, culturally, character, style and ability between men and women be clearly different. in that respect be several things that cause men to be more superior to women, regardless of physical affairs. For example, men be more rational and realistic, more competitive, more courageous, more initiative, and more aggressive. besides that does not mean women should al ways be less than men. As women who function in the modern era of today, thither should be a street to higher position and achievement in their public lifes. However women sedate lack to be informed of various barriers that whitethorn prevent them from doing so. Nowadays, jobs such as director, manager or even chief executive officer (CEO) position are open to those women capable of filling these subscribeing positions. Now that women d evelop slowly begun to make their way into transcription studies, the rate of issue such as intimate worrying is now becoming more popular, when men and women film in an emotional closeness whitethorn be a dogmatic experience, entirely intimate harassment is not. Sexual harassment is illegal (Samson Daft, 2006). This assigning will further discuss how the issue of knowledgeable harassment has an consequence on womens participation in the workplace.Sexual harassment is any hold of sexual connotation or behaviour that may be nonreversible and unwanted by the person targeted. The result of sexual abuse may lead victims to feel ashamed, angry, humiliated, offended, and disgusted with the perpetrator. Sexual harassment can demote at any and all levels of an organisation.Women who are moving up the unified hierarchy by entering male-dominated industries report a high oftenness of harassment (Samson Daft, 2006). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) combats sexu al harassment by making illegal the acceptance of harassment as a condition of drill, using compliance or not to affect employment decisions with regard to the individual or creating a hostile working surround which may affect the individual performance. Itzin (1995) conducted a major research bemuse with an aim to improving womens position within a local permit organisation. Itzin describes a five part methodology using a heap, interviews, collection discussions, statistical data and participant observation to explore the socialisation and practices of the organisation and to collect data on the position and experience of women. According to Itzins survey results (1995, p.33), the majority of women in the organisation were breadwinners, they work either to support themselves or their families. Most women said they work because they want to pursue a career and self fulfilment. Therefore by looking at this result, Itzin (1995, p.33) suggested that there may be a little differe nce between the reasons why men and women work and the economic and emotional significance which they attach to their work.Aside from sexual harassment there are various reasons why women are still far behind men. Through this table (1995, p.34) and diagram, Itzin shows the percentage of women had worked for the local authorisation for more than seven years and still yet not make any progression to their career . Reasons for women not applying for or not get another job Reasons % At a disadvantage because of job overlap 5 wish of encouragement 8 Obstruction from supervisors 8 prejudiced Attitudes 8 Racist Attitudes 9 Lack of confidence 24 Lack of interview or job application skills 28 Lack of skills or qualifications necessary for the job 28Promotion is all what it clears for women to achcieve a higher position. Male management restrict womens chances of prmotion by not providing suitable small fry care facilities or flexible school holiday arrangements. Itzin (1995, p.38) s tated that Managers do not encourage women to go for promotion,they said, or administrative staff to scar over into profession. They drew attention to the fact that admin is dominated by women, and men are at the senior level.They thought women were better organizers and lateral pass thinkers than men, but management jobs were less attractive to women because they take you away from relations with people and consequently provide less job satisfication. According to Itzin, Women deport to out performed men to get tally recognition and position and execute to have less power than men in the same position. tear down though sex segregation is not exactly sexual harassment, but it is still discriminates against women in the organisation. Williams (1995) says that sex segregation almost always occurs in every organization and workplace, where males are in higher positions with higher salaries than women. There are various researches that show that sex segregation is a major obstacl e for career women. This manifests as inequality in terms of salary, authority, probability in promotions and career patterned advance. Women are more often placed in a lower position with a smaller salary and without the probability to gain promotion (Hossain Kusakabe, 2005). Glass Ceiling discrimination may leads women to have feelings of low self-esteem, slowing down of interest in their jobs and decreased their motivation. The codswallop detonator effect is a distinct limiter to a womans advancement into the higher level of corporate management and directorship. Ceiling stresses the terminal point of up(a) progress a woman is subjected to and glass refers to the fact that though the limitation is apparently not written in any rule book, it is nevertheless a defeated fact understood by both the sexes. (ayushveda, 2009). In theory, the effect of the glass ceiling can generally be viewed from 2 sides such as the demand side and supply side. On the demand side, from outside of the womans appearance, such as discrimination in the workplace, a culture of office man who is very dominant, work rules, and so forth. The glass ceiling in some cases can usually be overcome by using the supply side it is something that is offered by the woman herself. These aspects include the pickaxe of labour supply, quality of resources, skills possessed, and so forth.Every company toughest challenge that they deprivation to face is to deal with sexual harassment issues. One of the best ways to prevent this situation is to make a sexual harassment policy. Companies essential make a written rule that contains the companys commitment to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace. The content of the policy should include the notion of what constitutes sexual harassment, grievance procedures, and punishments that should be meted out to the perpetrators. It should also have counselling on tap(predicate) to the victims and the assurance that the complaint made is confidential . Ensure all employees, supervisors, managers, directors, clients are aware of the written rules. Hence the human resource people need to take serious action to ensure that rules are obeyed.In conclusion, there are many courses of action that can be taken by companies and individuals in addressing issues such as sexual harassment and sex discrimination in the workplace. One important thing to note is that the right to pursue a career does not solely belong to men but women are also equally entitled. Although awareness in the workplace of womens right is growing, there is still much to be done to truly have equal opportunity without the threat of sexual harassment and discrimination for women.

Treating Long Head of Biceps (LHB) Pathology

Treating Long Head of Biceps (LHB) Pathology AbstractBackgroundclinical query of the raise joint has gained attention in recent age as clinicians aim to practice with an evidence- base and accurate clinical enquiry of the biceps sinew. thither is an change magnitude desire for proper diagnose while simultaneously minimizing dearly-won resourcefulness procedures and unnecessary procedures. Thus, the purpose of this have is to create a closing tree analysis that enables the development of a clinical algorithmic rule for assholevass and subsequently treating gigantic decimal point of biceps (LHB) pathology.MethodsA literature look backward of take one and two symptomatic studies was conducted to extract characteristics of clinical scrutinys for LHB pathology finished a taxonomic check up on of Pubmed, Medline, Ovid and Cochrane reexamination entropybases. Tests were combined in serial publication and collimate to determine final sensitivities and specificities , and compulsive and proscribe likelihood ratios were determined for e real(prenominal) combination using a subjective pre- try on opportunity. The gold- pattern for diagnosing in tot on the wholey studies include was arthroscopy or arthrotomy.ResultsSeven studies regarding LHB clinical symptomatic laddering met inclusion body criteria. The optimal examen modality was practice of the uppercut trial combined with the spunk to palpation of the biceps muscularity test. This combination achieved a esthesia of 88.4% when serveed in jibe and a specificity of 93.8% when performed in serial publication. These tests spendd in combination optimize post-test luck true statement greater than any single psyche test adding a third test decreases accuracy.ConclusionPerforming the uppercut test and biceps groove adhesion to palpation test together has the highest sensibility and specificity of cognize forcible interrogationinations maneuvers to help oneself in the diag nosis of long power point of the biceps pathology as equalityd to diagnostic arthroscopy (The PEC exam). A decision tree analysis maintenancees in the PEC exam diagnostic accuracy post testing found on the no. outperform pre-test chance. A quick origin guide is provided to handling in the clinical setting.Level of Evidence II Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisKey speech communication biceps sinew long head material examination pathology diagnosis berm examinationIntroductionThe corporal examination is a requisite and chintzy component to medical examination diagnosis. The get up joint examination, in particular, encompasses a myriad of modified provocative maneuvers, displaying a wide range of sensitivities and specificities pertaining to diagnostic accuracy. Accurate spirit from the correct sequence of maneuvers or tests increases diagnostic yield.In the modern era, clinical diagnosis heavily relies on image modalities including ultrasound (US), magnetised re verberance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), arthrography, and arthroscopy to make get up pathology21,33. Current gold standard diagnostic testing options have limitations. MRI has poor statistical characteristics for diagnostic accuracy as it very reader and technician dependent, adds some(prenominal) direct and confirmatory be, and whitethorn be less accurate than the physiological exam37. diagnostic arthroscopy is prospering in diagnosing intra-articular pathology, besides is limited in visualization for extra-articular pathology, is costly, and increases uncomplaining risk37. Increased use of diagnostic imaging contributes to rising health anxiety costs14,30,32,38. According to the Centers for Medic argon and Medicaid Services (CMS), diagnostic imaging costs are significant, explanation for up to 40% of boilersuit health care expenditure increases over the chivalric 10 years25. Advanced imaging techniques result in non scarce higher direct costs, but whitet horn increase indirect costs and jeopardize outcomes36,39.As the health care landscape transitions to cost minimization and value-based healthcare delivery, the development of an efficient, cost-effective, elevate examination is desired. articulatio humeri examinations have poor sensitiveness and/or specificity that makes diagnosing certain pathologies knotty4,28,30,33. Thus, evaluating the long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHB) pathology with high-yield examination maneuvers can aid physicians through increasing the accuracy of elevate canvasss and aid in surgical decision making.Previously published studies focused on the following questions whether physical examination modified tests correlate with surgical determinations whether imaging correlates with surgical findings and whether physical exam tests are accurate enough to diagnose pathology effectively5,9,10,26,28,29,33. Currently, thither is a conduct to develop new algorithms to provide raise practitioners wi th a practical but comprehensive evidence-based approach to diagnose LHB pathology during an attitude visit and to further reduce the need for diagnostic imaging20,22,34.The purpose of this check was to perform a imperious review and a secondary sensitivity analysis based on pre-formed likelihood scenarios based on the storey of present illness (HPI) past medical history (PMH), and epidemiology to provide clinicians a practical, evidence-based clinical (P.E.C) physical examination algorithm to accurately diagnose uncomplainings with LHB pathology. ad hoc objectives were to compile the peak performing physical exam tests extracted from level I and II studies within the incline literature synthesizing the most(prenominal) accurate test combination develop a clinical algorithm to provide limit LHB diagnostic accuracy and create a diagnostic accuracy elongation guide.Materials and MethodsA musical arrangementatic literature review with the terms proximal, biceps, clinical and examination in the Medline entropybase through the Pubmed, Medline, Ovid and Cochrane Review databases was completed in may 2015. The seekes include the use of Boolean operators such as AND and OR. The databases were scrutinized independently by trinity authors.Inclusion criteria included studies that were focused on physical examination tests and compared to the diagnostic gold standard from Level I and II studies published in scientific journals. Exclusion criteria were non-English, non-full text, level III of evidence or trim back, associate to hypernym labrum anterior to poop (SLAP) lesions, investigated rheumatoid arthritis patients, or did not compare tests to a validated gold standard. The validated gold standard apply for all studies and authoritative reviews included were diagnostic arthroscopy or arthrotomy to confirm anatomical reference point findings. Relevant studies were independently assessed, and conflicting studies were included alone if there were con sensus amongst the authors. References of included studies were superfluously evaluated to identify supererogatory articles for inclusion. Applicable data was extracted by about-face calculation where the information desired was not directly stated.Using PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews (Fig. 1), our original search retrieved 2,086 studies from Pubmed, Medline, Ovid and Cochrane Review databases. Twenty-eight additional records were included through a review of references from each article included in the systematic review. afterward duplicates were removed, the initial search yielded 2,112 studies. Subsequently, 1,689 studies were removed for irrelevant titles or abstracts, and an additional 362 were excluded because they were not in English. Lastly, the remaining 63 articles were assessed for eligibility 14 were excluded for non-full text, 22 were excluded for not being level I or II study, and 18 were excluded for non-relevant data.The data extracted was summarized an d analyzed according to the statistical methods draw by Eusebi et al. focusing on test specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value12.Next, clinical tests were combined to assess improved diagnostic accuracy. The clinical tests were applied both(prenominal) in latitude and in series. The first approach in repeat analysis, consists of two particular tests performed in theory at approximately the very(prenominal) time. The duplicate analysis can interpret the findings in an and or or technique. When a mate analysis is performed in an or technique, the overall sensitivity of the two tests is greater than the sensitivity of either special test alone. This parallel analysis allows for two opportunities to observe the emf pathology. If both tests are negative then(prenominal) it is copeed a negative finding in the algorithm and detect out the pathology, but if just one of the two special tests is positive then it is not considered a negativ e result in parallel analysis.The second approach in series analysis, consists of two special tests performed however, the overall negative or positive finding depends on the outcomes of both special tests. By utilizing two special tests in an and technique in series, the specificity for both tests is higher than for either test alone. If both special tests are positive, then it is considered a positive result. If either special test is negative, then the in series analysis cannot be considered a positive result.In outrank to calculate the post-test diagnostic probability of LHB diagnosis, we performed calculations for each test with four pre-test probability options. Pre-test probability is defined as the probability of a patient having the head disorder before a diagnostic test result is known. Therefore, pre-test probability is based on patient history, subjective complaints, epidemiologic probability and the medical opinion of the provider ordering the test. The ordinal numbe r scale created has four antithetical probabilities very unlikely 0.2 (20%) unlikely 0.4 (40%) likely 0.6 (60%) and very likely 0.8 (80%).The physical exam test combination with the optimal test procedure was set (named the PEC exam). A decision tree analysis was developed to determine the PEC exam diagnostic accuracy post testing based on the ordinal scale pre-test probability. A table was created as a simple reference guide to use in the clinical setting.ResultsThe initial electronic database search retrieved 2,112 unique articles, with 28 obtained from a manual search of reference lists. Of these, 2051 studies were arrange unrelated to the topic of interest based titles and abstract review, resulting in 63 full-text articles evaluated according to selection criteria. Fifty-four articles were excluded for the following full-text unavailable (N=14), not a Level I/II study (N=22), and irrelevant data after(prenominal) full-text review (N=18). Seven relevant (N = 7) articles wer e identified through the systematic review and scrutinized (Supplementary Table S1).From the reviewed articles, special tests and modalities evaluated included Speeds, Yergasons, bicipital groove tenderness, uppercut, bear hug, abdomen press, OBriens, and anesthetic barb. Statistical characteristics for each test are documented in (Supplementary Table S2). The bear hug and uppercut special tests controvertd the highest sensitivity for the physical examination special maneuvers (79%, 73% respectively), whereas the belly press and Yergasons tests demonstrated the lower spectrum of sensitivity (31%, 41% respectively). The belly press and OBriens special tests demonstrated the highest special test specificities (85%, 84% respectively), whereas the bear hug and bicipital groove tenderness tests showed the lowest specificities (60%, 72% respectively). diagnostic ultrasound, used as a reference and also included to study as a potential performance for in-office point of service testin g, demonstrated the highest sensitivity and specificity of all statistical characteristics revealed through the review (Sensitivity 88%, Specificity 98%).In series and in parallel assessments determined two physical exam tests improved test performance over any single test. Performing more than two physical examination tests lessen diagnostic accuracy. The uppercut test combined with the tenderness to palpation of the LHB test provided the highest physical examination accuracy for diagnosing pathology at the proximal biceps. This combination has a parallel testing sensitivity of 88.3% and a series specificity of 93.3%. We characterize this as the PEC exam. Additional combinations, including diagnostic ultrasound, are reported in (Supplementary Table S3). The uppercut test and diagnostic ultrasound in parallel revealed the highest sensitivity (97%). Each of the Speeds, Yergasons and upper cut tests paired with diagnostic ultrasound all achieved the highest specificity (100%).A dec ision tree analysis aides in the PEC exam diagnostic accuracy post testing based on the ordinal scale pre-test probability (Fig. 2). A quick reference guide is provided to use in the clinical setting (Fig. 3).DiscussionLHB pathology is an increasingly recognized source of shoulder pain and functional impairment in symptomatic patients. Physicians are faced with diagnostic challenges payable to non-specific clinical presentations and lack of direction based on physical exam findings. As such, the purpose of this study was to perform a decision-tree analysis to create a clinical algorithm to diagnose biceps pathology with increased accuracy compared to previously reported diagnostic examinations 8,11,15-17,19,22,24. This was achieved by conducting a systematic literature review including scarce level I and II studies. Special test sensitivities and specificities were combined in series and parallel. Analysis showed that the uppercut test combined with tenderness to palpation of the LHB within the bicipital groove provided the highest accuracy physical exam tests for diagnosing pathology at the proximal biceps. Application of this PEC exam, joined with pre-test probability assignments can now provide clinicians diagnostic trustfulness in the office. In equivocal cases, point of care ultrasound examination can further improve diagnostic accuracy2,31. Applying the PEC algorithm provides a simple, efficient and duplicatable physical examination protocol for shoulder clinicians yielding an accurate diagnosis in the clinic. Now, with the calculated accuracy reference guide available, a clinician may rely on the office-based diagnosis with improved certainty and may consider forgoing ripe(p) imaging, thereby avoiding additional cost, treatment delays and possible patient risk.In order to cover an array of clinical scenarios, we used a pretest probability range of 20-80% at 20% increments according to the likelihood of pathology. After addressing the disease pre valence, HPI and PMH, the pre-test probability likelihood of long head bicep pathology was appointed. If the pre-test probability was in a higher place 90% or below 10%, we then assume there is no need to perform additional testing with acceptance of a 10% error rate.Combination of physical examination techniques demonstrated that the uppercut test combined with tenderness to palpation of the LHB provided the highest accuracy for diagnosing pathology at the proximal biceps. This combination has a parallel testing sensitivity of 88.3% and a series specificity of 93.3% (Supplementary Table S3). The values of the test used in series and in parallel were definitive and overpowered the value of the pre-test probability assessment in many a(prenominal) clinical scenarios. This adds credibility to a reproducible, simplified two-step P.E.C. examination without the need for additional maneuvers to be performed. Furthermore, we feel that the application of the PEC test is generalizable to n on-shoulder specialists, facilitating both increased utilization and diagnostic accuracy of LHB disease.Many studies have explored the accuracy of physical examination and special test maneuvers in diagnosing LHB pathology with limited conclusions regarding its efficiency18,22,23,37. However, our study is unique in that it additionally produces a diagnostic tool, both change accurate point of care diagnosis of LHB injury and minimizing the need for advanced imaging.The value of the P.E.C. examination corroborates with current clinical recommendations. In 2009, Churgay et al. stated that bicipital groove point tenderness is the most common isolated finding during physical examination of patients with biceps tenonitis, and that ultrasonography is the best modality for evaluating isolated biceps tendinopathy extra-articularly3,6. With regards to diagnostic accuracy and fluidity of exam, our study revealed that the best maneuver combination for diagnosing biceps pathology are the uppe rcut test and tenderness to palpation. Incidentally, our study has also concluded that use of ultrasound after equivocal physical examination findings improves the sensitivity and specificity of all evaluated test combinations. Unlike past studies, we incorporated a diagnostic algorithm to aid efficient shoulder examination and to increase physician confidence in biceps tendon diagnosis.In addition to enhancing diagnostic accuracy, development of a value-based clinical decision pathway may play a small, but essential role in the improvement of the current state of the healthcare system. High-yield, algorithm-derived examination like our proposed sequence further alleviate the number of review article visits needed until diagnosis, which often delay expedient care delivery35,39. Moreover, simplified diagnostic algorithms may also result in cost reduction and decreased iatrogenic injury associated with unnecessary advanced imaging studies. A shoulder examination that provides accurat e diagnosis provides nonuple advantages that benefits both physicians and the healthcare system with the ultimate goal of improving patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that clinical decisions should be tailored to patient clinical presentation, and that MRI may be a more appropriate diagnostic modality for surgical candidates or patients with inconclusive preliminary workup.These findings provide evidence towards the current trend in orthopaedic surgery education as more national conferences and residency programs are increasing musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) courses incorporated into their curriculums. Accordingly, the American health check Association for Sports Medicine has endorsed increased integration of sports US into sports medicinal drug caller curriculums13. Studies have proposed that proficient level diagnostic skills may be quickly obtained by the inexperienced orthopedist with an established examination protocol1. Murphy et al. conducted a study i nvestigating diagnostic improvement in four orthopedic operating surgeons who attended a formal schooling course to identify and size of it tears on the rotator box through US. In the later training period, results showed positive predictive value improving by 16%27. An additional study by Roy and colleagues also demonstrated improved diagnostic accuracy of US irrespective of whether a trained radiologist, sonographer or orthopedic surgeon operated the device32. US requires further studies to evaluate its cost effectiveness compared to advanced imaging techniques like MRI or arthroscopy, but an algorithm(Fig. 3) may provide a simple evidence-based decision analysis for physicians to rely on when considering LHB as the study source of pain.This study, however, also has its limitations. Foremost, a majority of the studies included in our data collection did not solely focus on LHB pathology. True positives may have included superior labrum, anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions wi thin the diagnosis of biceps pathology. Studies may have also incorporated biceps pathology into other diagnostic categories (e.g. impingement). Therefore, it was difficult to find studies which solely focused on diagnostic accuracy of LHB pathology. Additionally, only level I or II studies were considered for diagnosis, which routinely compare diagnostic testing algorithm (DTA) to the gold standard of diagnosis. Unfortunately, there is no distinctly defined arthroscopic findings for diagnosis of LHB pathology. To aid in any study misinterpretations ascribable to inaccurate language translations, only articles originally written in English were evaluated, and only published articles were included. This may have introduced both publication and/or selection bias. A method to eliminate some of these potential biases would be to perform a truly systematic review and meta-analysis combining results from multiple studies however, even this can be hindered by bias with the lack of curre ntly published methods for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic testing. Another future direction for this study may be to further evaluate the accuracy of new special tests described to evaluate long head of the biceps pathology, specifically the uppercut test. Currently the uppercut test has only been described and analyzed in a single level I or II study that we utilized for our algorithm24. Further validation testing for this specific test may be warranted.ConclusionPerforming the uppercut test and biceps groove tenderness to palpation test together has the highest sensitivity and specificity of known physical examinations maneuvers to aid in the diagnosis of long head of the biceps pathology as compared to diagnostic arthroscopy (The PEC exam). A decision tree analysis aides in the PEC exam diagnostic accuracy post testing based on the ordinal scale pre-test probability. A quick reference guide is provided to use in the clinical setting.References1. Amoo-Achampong K, Nwachukwu B U, McCormick F. An orthopedists guide to shoulder ultrasound a systematic review of examination protocols. Phys Sportsmed. 2016 Aug 221-10. inside 10.1080/00913847.2016.12222242. Ardic F, Kahraman Y, Kacar M, Kahraman MC, Findikoglu G, Yorgancioglu ZR. Shoulder impingement syndrome relationships among clinical, functional, and radiologic findings. 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An independent learning method for orthopaedic surgeons performing shoulder ultrasound to identify full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Feb 695(3)266-72. doi10.2106/JBJS.K.0070628. Naredo E, Aguado P, De Miguel E, Uson J, Mayordomo L, Gijon-Banos J, et al. Painful shoulder comparison of physical examination and ultrasonographic findings. Ann genus Rheum Dis. 2002 Feb61(2)132-6. doi10.1136/ard.61.2.13229. -str AJ, Richards CA, Tytherleigh-Strong G, Bearcroft PW, Prevost AT, Speed CA, et al. Validation of clinical examination versus magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy for the detection of rotator cuff lesions. Clin Rheumatol. 2013 Sep32(9)1283-91. doi10.1007/s10067-013-2260-030. Razmjou H, Fournier-Gosselin S, Christakis M, Pennings A, ElMaraghy A, Holtby R. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting biceps pathology in patients with rotator cuff disorders comparison with arthroscopy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 Jan25(1)38-44. doi10.1016/j.jse.2015.06.02031. Read JW, Perko M. Shoulder ultrasound diagnostic accuracy for impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tear, and biceps tendon pathology. J Shoulder Elbow S urg. 1998 May-Jun7(3)264-71. doi10.1016/S1058-2746(98)90055-632. Roy JS, Bran C, Leblond J, Desmeules F, Dionne CE, MacDermid JC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography, MRI and MR arthrography in the characterisation of rotator cuff disorders a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Oct49(20)1316-28. doi10.1136/bjsports-2014-09414833. Sandrey MA. Special physical examination tests for superior labrum anterior-posterior shoulder tears an examination of clinical usefulness. J Athl Train. 2013 Nov-Dec48(6)856-8. doi10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.1434. Sciascia AD, Spigelman T, Kibler WB, Uhl TL. frequency of use of clinical shoulder examination tests by experienced shoulder surgeons. J Athl Train. 2012 Jul-Aug47(4)457-66. doi10.4085/1062-6050-47.4.0935. Seagger R, Bunker T, Hamer P. Surgeon-operated ultrasonography in a one-stop shoulder clinic. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011 Oct93(7)528-31. doi10.1308/147870811X1313760845493936. Skendzel JG, Jacobson JA, Carpenter JE, Miller BS. Long head of biceps brachii tendon evaluation accuracy of preoperative ultrasound. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Oct197(4)942-8. doi10.2214/AJR.10.501237. Taylor SA, Khair MM, Gulotta LV, Pearle AD, Baret NJ, Newman AM, et al. Diagnostic glenohumeral arthroscopy fails to fully evaluate the biceps-labral complex. Arthroscopy. 2015 Feb31(2)215-24. doi10.1016/j.arthro.2014.10.01738. Voigt JD, Mosier M, Huber B. In-office diagnostic arthroscopy for knee and shoulder intra-articular injuries its potential impact on cost savings in the United States. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014 May 514203. doi10.1186/1472-6963-14-20339. Zhang AL, Kreulen C, Ngo SS, Hame SL, Wang JC, Gamradt SC. Demographic trends in arthroscopic SLAP repair in the United States. Am J Sports Med. 2012 May40(5)1144-7. doi10.1177/0363546512436944Figure and Table LegendsFigure 1 PRISMA Systemic Review Flow Diagram This figure displays the process and rationale behind wherefore studies were omitted from the systemic revi ew.Figure 2 (A) Diagnostic Combination to Rule in Pathology These findings demonstrate that the combination of tests that best help rule out pathology are the TTP + Uppercut test when performed in series. If both tests are negative in a scenario with a low pre-test probability (i.e. prevalence), then there is a very small chance of pathology being present. TTP = Tenderness to palpation (of the long head of the biceps within the bicipital groove) Diamond = TTP + Uppercut in series, square = TTP + Speeds in Series, triangle = TTP + Yergasons in Series (B) Diagnostic Combination to Rule Out Pathology These findings demonstrate that the combination of TTP + upper

Economic Profiles of Arab Countries

Economic Profiles of Arab CountriesQATARQatar has been ranked as the worlds wealthiest country on a new list compiled by the reputable US. Qatar has 2,051 million people, the legal age of whom (about 90%) live in capital of Qatar, the capital. Qatar is the 146th well-nigh live nation , age structure 014 old age 21.8% (male 92,896/ effeminate 87,201) 1564 years 76.8% (male 451,127/female 182,330) 65 years and all told over 1.4% (male 6,545/female 4,690) (2008 est.)with a gross domestic product of 181.7 Billion per capita of 102,700USD. Sharing the same Arabic language presents an advantage for ANB to enter Qatar. The countrys race is ontogenesis by an average of 1.093% (2008 est.)Petroleum the cornerst unrivaled of Qatar s economy accounts for more than than than 70% of measure government revenue, more than 60% of gross domestic product, and roughly 85% of export earnings Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP that ranks among the gamyest in the world.Qatar is now the rich est country in the world caused by a rising global cover demand which helped current GDP per capita to expand 94% in the Nineties.Income distri besidesion in the country is relatively balanced, with a major(ip)ity (70%) in the middle class, The economy is expected to grow at a healthy pace of 5% for the coming years.Qatar 2022 FIFA cosmos Cup pinnace is the successful proposal from the government of Qatar to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Qatar willing be the first Arab state to host the World Cup. Qatar promoted their hosting of the tournament as representing the Arab World, and has skeletal support from across the member states of the Arab League. They also positioned their bid as an opportunity to bridge the gap between the Arab World and the West.Furthermore, people coming from distinct nations visited Qatar for this match and strengthened the image Qatar would depict of their interest in the World Cup 2022. Additionally, Qatar hosted the 2011 Asian Cup .With a fast-expand ing population and substantial stinting offset over the past decade, a reliable and extensive expat network is becoming increasingly necessary within Qatar. So utter some the government, the primary transport developer, has done well in terms of retention up with demand for new transportation options. In 2008 the Public whole kit and boodle Authority (Ashghal), one of the bodies that oversees infrastructure development, underwent a major reorganization in order to streamline and modernize the authority in preparation for major project expansions across all segments in the near future. Ashghal works in tandem with the Urban Planning and Development Authority (UPDA), the body that designed the transportation master plan, instituted in March 2006 and running to 2025.As unprompted is the primary mode of transport in Qatar, the road network is a major focus of the plan. Project highlights in this segment include the multibillion-dollar Doha Expressway and the Qatar Bahrain Causeway, which will connect Qatar to Bahrain and Saudi Arabia and is considered a milestone in regional interconnectivity. Mass-transit options, such as a Doha metro, light-rail system and more extensive bus networks, atomic number 18 also under development to rest period road congestion. In addition, the railway system is being significantly grow and could eventually form an integral part of a GCC-wide network linking all the Gulf states. once all projects are up and running Qatar will have one of the most advanced and modern transport infrastructures in the region, it will be an opportunity and a niche market for ANBBAHRAINBahrain has a very small population of 1.3 Million, of which more than 50% are non-nationals, with a relatively high GDP 27,000USD. The middle aged population (30-64yrs) including non-Bahrainis is roughly 48%.Bahrain has the first post-oil economy in the Persian Gulf because the Bahraini economy does not rely on oil. Since the late 20th pennyury, Bahrain has intempe rately invested in the banking and tourism sectors. The countrys capital, Manama is home to many large monetary structures. Bahrain has a high Human Development Index (ranked 48th in the world) and was recognized by the World Bank as a high income economy. Bahrain was designated a major non-Nato ally by the Georges W. Bush administration in 2001.Bahrain has the fastest growing economy in the Arab world, Bahrain also has the freest economy in the Middle East and is twelfth freest overall in the world .In 2008, Bahrain was named the worlds fastest growing financial centimeer by the City of Londons Bahrains banking and financial services sector, particularly Islamic banking, have benefited from the regional boom determined by demand for oil. Petroleum production and processing account is Bahrains most exported product, accounting for 60% of export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP .With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to a come of multinational firms and construction proceeds on several major industrial projects.OMANThe current GDP is $78.11 billion, expected real GDP growth of 4.5 per cent in 2013 and 4.0 per cent in 2014. Current GDP per capita has expanded continuously in the past 50 years. It grew 339% in the 1960s reaching a peak growth of 1,370% in the 1970s scaling back to down in the mouth 13% growth in the 1980s and rising again to 34% in the 1990s. Officially called the Sultanate of Oman . It has a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf.From the 17th century, Oman had its own empire, Unlike its resource-rich neighbors, Oman has modest oil reserves, in 2010 the UNDP ranked Oman as the most improved nation in the world in terms of development during the preceding 40 years. Additionally, Oman is reason as a high income economy and ranks as the 45th most peaceful country in the world.Omans Basic Statute of the State expresses in Article 11 that the national ec onomy is based on umpire and the principles of a free economy.Omani citizens enjoy good financial backing standards, but the future is uncertain with Omans limited oil reserves. Other sources of income, agriculture and industry, are small in comparison and count for less than 1% of the countrys exports. Oman has a very diversified economy .Since Jan 2009 Oman has a free trade organization with the United States , eliminating tariff barriers on all consumer and industrial products, also providing vigorous protections for foreign businesses investing in Oman.The total population is 2,773,479 and of those, 1,957,336 were Omanis. 43% of the population is under the age of 15. About 50% of the population lives in muscat and the Batinah coastal plain northwest of the capital about 200,000 live in the Dhofar (southern) region, and about 30,000 live in the remote Musandam Peninsula on the Strait of Hormuz.Omans economical growth plunged to 2.8 per cent in nominal terms in 2013. In Apri l, the International Monetary Fund estimated in its World Economic panorama that the non-OPEC crude exporters economy expanded 5.1 per cent in 2013 when adjusted for inflation, or so outperforming a 5.0 per cent rise in 2012. Expected economy growth 4 to 5 per cent this year, underpinned by stable oil prices and the billions of dollars fagged on major projects in the past two years. Last years slowdown in nominal growth was mainly due to a 1.4 per cent fall in the oil sector, which accounts for nearly 46 per cent of Omans $80 billion economy and had seen a 10.7 per cent jump in nominal terms in the previous year.KUWAITcapital of Kuwait one of the richest Arab countries, and has a population of 2,695,316. includes 1,291,354 non-nationals. Population growth rate by 1.79% and this rate reflect a return to pre-Gulf crisis immigration of expatriates. Urban population 98.3% of total population . Age structure 014 years 25.8% ,1564 years 72.2% , 65 years and over 2%Kuwaiti citizens acco unted for 40% of Kuwaits total population in 2011 the rest is foreigners.The government and people of Kuwait consider the high level of immigrants to be a problem. This led to the contract in 2013 that Kuwait will reduce the number of expatriates by deporting 100,000 expats annually over the next 10 years. A recent proposal by a Kuwaiti lawmaker restricts all expats to only five years residence in Kuwait, all expats will be deported after living 5 years in Kuwait. Kuwait also banned expatriates from driving.Kuwaits economic freedom score is 62.3 making its economy the 76th freest in 2014 index, with a GDP 151$ billion with a 5.1% growth 39,889 per capita . the unemployment rate is 2.1%Kuwait holds the worlds sixth biggest proven reserves of oil and oil extraction accounts for 40% of GDP .The strategic location of Kuwait and geopolitical turbulence in the region helped foster economic prosperity in Kuwait. Kuwait became affluent due to Basras instability. It was estimated that Kuw aits sea trade reached 16 million Bombay rupees by 1800, a substantial amount at that time. Economic prosperity during the late eighteenth century attracted many immigrants from Iran and Iraq to Kuwait. Kuwaits pre-oil population was ethnically diverse.

Basic Strategies Used To Respond To Uncertainty Management Essay

Basic Strategies Used To Respond To Uncertainty Management hear nestle is the va every last(predicate)ow de chambres leading nutrition, health, wellness partnership. The headquarter of Nestle comp all is located in Vevey, Switzerland. That is in 1866, there was a graduation European condensed draw grind opened in Cham, Switzerland. The relate of the company is Anglo-Swiss Condensed milk club which naturalised by brothers George Page and Chatles Page. After that year, the founder of Nestl, Henri Nestle, a German pharmacist, genuine a junto of cows milk, stalk flour and sugar, which name as Farine Lactee. The launched of Farine Lactee had become the largest competitor of Anglo-Swiss Condensed take out guild.In 1905, Nestl merged with Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company after a couple of decades as fierce competitors to form the Nestl and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. In 1929, the chocolate company Peter, Cailler , Kohler Chocolats Suisses S.A. joined Nestl. And in 1 947, Nestl change its name to Nestl Alimentana S.A after merged with Maggi, a well-k right offn manufacturer of seasonings and soups. In 1974, Nestl for the first time diversified outside the pabulum industry and they become a major sh beholder in LOreal, one of the worlds leading maker of cosmetic fruits. And then finally, the last name change that the company would endure was in 1977, where it adopted the name Nestl S.A.The first product that launched by Nestl is Farine Lactee Nestl, a combination of cows milk, wheat flour and sugar. Farine Lactee was launched by Henri Nestle in 1867 and it was support by the public. After that, Nestl also launched Milo in 1934. Milo is a chocolate and malt powder which is mixed with hot or rimy weewee to nonplus a drinking and it is developed by doubting Thomas Mayne in Sdyney, Australia. After the launched of Milo, another product launched by Nestl that famous among the world which is Nescafe. Nescafe is a powdered coffee that was introduce d in Switzerland on April 1, 1938 after be developed for seven or eight years by sludge Morgenthaler and Vernon Chapman. Another product that pull Nestl toward success is Nestl Pure Life, a bottled mineral water that launched in 1998.The smart strategy of Nestl had bring them toward the road of success. In 2012, Nestl has around 8,000 brands on the market included coffee, bottled water, milkshakes and other beverages, breakfast cereals, baby foods, performance and health direction nutrition, seasonings, soups and sauces, frozen and refrigerated foods, and pet food.Organizational mapPlanning and Strategic ManagementBasic strategies physical exercised to respond to suspicionNestl is a company that mainly act as a prospector turn responding to uncertainty. Prospectors focus on developing new products or services and in seeking out new markets, rather than waiting for things to happen. Nestl had frame some(prenominal) brands and galore(postnominal) unalike types of products t o satisfy consumers needs and wants. The table below provideed the reheel of product of Nestl.Types of ProductsBrandBaby foodsCerelac, Gerber, Gerber Graduates, NaturNes, NestumBottled waterNestl Pure Life, Perrier, Poland Spring, S.PellegrinograinsChocapic, Cini Minis, Cookie Crisp, Estrelitas, Fitness, Nesquik CerealChocolate confectioneryAero, Butterfinger, Cailler, Crunch, Kit Kat, Orion, Smarties, WonkaCoffeeNescaf, Nescaf 3 in 1, Nescaf Cappuccino, Nescaf Classic, Nescaf Decaff, Nescaf dolce Gusto, Nescaf Gold, NespressoCulinary, chilled and frozen foodBuitoni, Herta, Hot Pockets, Lean Cuisine, Maggi, Stouffers, ThomyDairyCarnation, Coffee-Mate, La Laitire, NidoDrinks downcast Juice, Milo, Nesquik, Nestea pabulum serviceChef, Chef-Mate, Maggi, Milo, Minors, Nescaf, Nestea, Sjora, Lean Cuisine, StouffersHealthcare nutritionBoost, Nutren Junior, Peptamen, Resource ice creamDreyers, Extrme, Hagen-Dazs, Mvenpick, Nestl Ice CreamPetcareAlpo, Bakers Complete, Beneful, Cat Chow, C hef Michaels dogs-tooth violet Creations, Dog Chow, Fancy Feast, Felix, Friskies, Gourmet, Purina, Purina ONE, Pro PlanSports ediblePower immobiliseWeight anxietyJenny CraigIn the effort of seeking out new markets, Nestl had occupied around 330 000 people in over 150 countries and have 461 factories or operations in 83 countries. Nestl also becomes one of the sponsors in many events. For example, on 27 January 2012, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) announced that Nestl leave be the main sponsor for the further outgrowth of IAAFs Kids Athletics course of instruction for the consecutive of 5 years starting from January 2012. This is one of the biggest grassroots developing programs in the world of sports.In the year 2012, Nestl expect that it go out be a challenging year as they will face many uncertainties in the global economy and. However, as a prospector, the company had do specific plans to overcome the uncertainties. They believe that they have good fundamentals and will be able to diversify the global uncertainties.Nestl aim to cross the concept and renovation of their products as long as launching further publicity of nutritionary diets and healthy lifestyles Nestl will remain vigilant and will eat up all necessary method to soften any impact on their argument due to the volatile commodity prices that were expected to continue in 2012.Besides that, Nestl Company can also be considering as an analyzer. Analyzers let other establishments take the risks of product development and marketing and then pursue or perhaps slightly cleanse on what seems to work best.For example, Nestl was Gail Bordens intimately successful imitators in the production of milk. Nestl imitate and make changes base on the condensed milk manufactured by Bordens first canned milk factory. Nestl invented a powdered milk food that primarily composed of cows milk and then mixed with water. By 1868, this product was being sold in Switzerlan d, Germany, France and England. After five year, the product was available throughout Europe. Eventually, Pet Milk and Carnation Milk were produced and sold in United States.In the 21th century, worldly concern wants are unlimited. in that locationfore, Nestl create new brands on the products that already exist in the market and are needed for the consumers to widen their choice.Mission and VisionNestls mission is to provide consumers with safe and convenient amply feature food products so that people can live a better life. They are friendly, caring and efficient organization and they believe that inquiry can overhaul them make better food so that they can provide selections for all individual taste and lifestyle preferences.We should responsible we role, that means we need to responsive to the social, environmental, economic and cultural aspirations of people anytime, whilst ensuring our shareholders a reasonable return on their investment.Our staff can succeed job enjoym ent, self-development and their reasonable targets because Nestl are seen as a perfect manoeuver of employment with good working conditions and benefits, with an inhering environment.Nestls vision is to providing customers with high quality products and services with added protect at competitive prices, simultaneously ensuring the long term viability and profitability of the organization. We have to continue to struggle to get the recognition and satisfy the trust our customers and business partners place in us.Our ambitionAs the leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company we enhance lives by offering tastier and healthier food and beverage choices at all stages of life and at any time of the day, helping consumers care for themselves and their families. This is the foundation of our promise of Good Food, Good Life and puts nutrition at the heart of everything we do.It is our firm belief that, for a company to be successful over time and create value for its shareholders, it must also create value for society. We call this Creating Shared order. Built on strong foundations of submission and sustainable business practices, this is our way to do business and to be the believe leader in Nutrition, Health and Wellness.SWOT analysisGrand schemeGrand strategy is a systematic, comprehensive, long-term plan of all the company use to achieve their goals. Market, product, and organization development is the main element of this strategy. There are three types of strategy such as Growth strategies, stability Strategy and Defensive Strategy. Growth strategy involves the expansion of a company. stableness strategy is a strategy there are no-change strategy or little change strategy. Defensive strategy is a control to humble the probability of loss.Nestl is a company that apply growth strategy. Nestl started the business in the year of 1866 with a first European condensed milk factory and at present becomes the worlds biggest food producer. The product of Nest l such as Milk, Beverages, Coffee, Ice-cream, Confectionery Chocolate, Junior Food and other, has make a sales of CHF 44.1 billion in 2012 from 74,660 million at 1999. There net profit increase from 8% to 9.5billion Swiss francs ($10.35 billion) that show at9 August 2012. In 2003,Nestl got around 328,000 people that are Nestls staff in 70 countries and have many operations or factories in the world compare to the old figure of employee in 1998 299,800 people.Besides that, Nestl is change magnitude the size of their company year by year. One of the strategies is feast different promotion on day. They give a discount for customer by using coupons. For example, Nestl Toll House Birthday Sugar Cookies can keep 55$ if we print out the coupons to buy. In addition, Nestl also provide the samples food for customer in a promotion time, for instance, Maggi MeeGorengget the FREE Samples of the Delicious in 2ndJuly 2012 to 2ndAugust 2012. These was the successful strategy of Nestl in now a day.Nestl begin the business at 1866 with the combination of cows milk, wheat flour and sugar. After 1 year, infant cereal developed for a whole new world to babies. Next, the launch of Milo, Nescafe, Nestea, Nestl Pure Life, and Power Bar are launches at the years after 1929. Although these are many product launches, they merger with another company as an example Maggi and Ursina-Franck. Nestl did the high high-risk of investment in the follow year such as marijuana cigarette venture with LOreal, General Mills, Coca-Cola and Fonterra.In conclusion, Nestl was trying their best at the sales of product. It has a smart plan for the uncertainly. Growth strategy will give the increasing of cash, bank payment and other to the Nestl company and Nestl will improve in new product or new market in the future.Competitive StrategiesNestl mainly focused on differentiation strategy. Nestl is a quality focused company. They differentiate their products with their competitors by giving them bett er customer satisfaction and quality with in an acceptable price limit. All their market is based on quality products and customer satisfaction. The main factor that motivates a customer is to buy their goods is the nutritional content in their products. They also focused on creating a strong brand by creating brand equity.For have a better quality on their products, Nestl had created Nestl Nutrition, which is a global business organization designed to strengthen the focus on their core nutrition business. They believe that strengthening their leadership in this market is the key element of their incorporated strategy. In order to reinforce their competitive advantage in this area, Nestl created Nestl Nutrition as an autonomous global business unit within the organization, and charged it with the operational and profit and loss responsibility for the claim-based business of Infant Nutrition, health care Nutrition, and Performance Nutrition. This unit aims to deliver superior busin ess performance by offering consumers trusted, cognizance based nutrition products and services.In order to produce a better quality product, Nestl had made an effort on look for and development. Research and development is a key of competitive advantage for Nestl. Without research and development, Nestl could not have become the leader in food and beverage industries. With 29 research, development and technology facilities worldwide, Nestl has the largest research and development network of any food company. Based on the research and development done by Nestl, they are able to produce many products that have a high quality in nutrition, wellness, taste, health, texture or convenience.Besides that, Nestl also use cost-leadership strategy for minor products. Nestl had used a new strategy called Nestls Popularly Positioned Products (PPPs) strategy that provide consumers with high-quality, nutritious products, regardless of where they sell them and the price point at which they sell them. PPPs focuses on the specific needs of 3 billion lower-income consumers worldwide. PPPs offer these consumers the opportunity to consume high-quality food products that provide nutritional value at an affordable cost and appropriate format. With a clip of locally adapted distribution methods, including street markets, mobile street vendors and penetration to door distributors, PPPs are a source of income for street traders and individual distributors and stick out to the creation of local jobs.RecommendationUtilizing the identified strengths and opportunitiesOvercome the identified strengths and opportunities demonstrationOverall achievementFirstly, on 21 May 2012, Nestl was in the run of No. 18 in The Gartner fork up Chain Top 25. The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25 is about leadership. Nestl has created a successful go forth chain segment for its popular Nespresso line. Nestl is also highly advanced and incorporated in its raw material sourcing strategies, and has invested significantly in supply development and innovation.Moreover, on 12 April 2012, Nestl becomes the first food and beverage company that receives A+ rating, which is the highest standard in globular reporting Initiative (GRI) for Creating Shared comfort report. This shows that Nestl do take seriously their responsibility to create shared value and conduct their business in a sustainable way.Next, Nestl won the ACCA Malaysia Sustainability Reporting Award 2011. This was because Nestl use Sustainability Reporting to communicate to stakeholders regarding the progress of their Creating Shared Value strategy, which is to create value simultaneously for society and their shareholders while carrying out our business activities.On 19 May 2011, Nestl receives top environment award which is the twenty-seventh World Environment Center (WEC) Gold Medal award for its committal to environmental sustainability. This shows that Nestl was recognised as a global company that has demo an example of sustainability in business practice.Furthermore, on 7 June 2011, Nestl became winner of the capital of Sweden Industry Water Award for its leadership and performance to improve water management in its internal operations and throughout its supply chain. Nestle also has a leading role in the 2030 Water Resources Group.In July 2010, Nestl Malaysia was crowned as a winner of the Asia Responsible Entrepreneurship Awards 2010 (AREA). This awards show that Nestl was acknowledge as an organization that have shown a lot of efforts, perseverance and fearlessness in corporate social responsibility initiatives.Besides that, a Global Food Industry Award was given to Nestl by The International concretion of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST) .in 2010. Nestls dedication to food science and technology has been acknowledged by the IUFoST as long as Nestls efforts to advance global food science and technology for the benefit of everyone had been recognized by them.Last but not least, Nestl won t he StarBiz-ICR Malaysia CR Awards in the year 2009. Nestl was one of the seven public-listed companies which were recognized and honoured for their outstanding Corporate function practices at the StarBiz-ICR Malaysia CR Awards 2009 presentation ceremony.

OPV Cell Fabrication

trivalent live oral poliomyelitis vaccine Cell FabricationTo fabricate the anatropous trivalent live oral poliomyelitis vaccine carrels with the structure of ITO/ZnO/P3HTPCBM/PEDOTPSS/Ag, the ITO was first coated onto a methamphetamine substrate. The ITO coated glass substrate was then cleaned by ultra-sonication in detergent closure, deionized water, acetone and isopropyl alcohol sequentially for 10 minutes each. after(prenominal) that, the pre-cleaned and pre-patterned ITO substrate was exposed to a UV-ozone treatment for 10 more minutes.A final result of ZnO was prep ard for stagger polish onto the ITO coated glass substrate. To prep are the solution, 0.15g of ethanolamine (NH2CH2CH2OH) and 0.6g of zinc acetate dihydrate Zn(CH3COO)22H2O were dissolve in 5 mL of 2-methoxyethanol CH3OCH2CH2OH with con nominateuous stirring for 24 hours. After that, 1mL of ammonia (NH3) was added to the solution and stirred for 2 more hours. To remove the inpurities, the solution would need to be filtered through a 0.25mm PVDF filter. With the technique of spin coating at 3500 rpm for 90 s, a ZnO buck of about 40 nm would be coated onto the pre-cleaned ITO coated glass substrates. Mild washables would then be performed on the ZnO studys with isopropyl alcohol and it was blown dry in air.In the next step, poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61- barelyyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are mixed in the proportion of 10 8. The mixture was then dissolved in 1,2-dichlorobenzene solution and to be spin-coated to a thickness of approximately 200nm on the ZnO/ITO halt prepared. tempering at 120 oC was then carried out to the film for 10 minutes.The peck transport bed of PEDOTPSS was then spin-coated on the bulk layer of P3HTPCBM from a commercial solution (Clevios) on a lower floor the temperature of 120 oC for 10 minutes.In the delay step, under a pressure of about 1 milliPascal, the silver electrode of a thickness about 100 nm was coated onto the PEDOTPSS layer. The stratagems then needful to be annealed for 10 minutes at roughly 70 oC under a pressure of about 1 milliPascal.After that, the winding was cooled crush to room temperature. Using a source meter at AM1.5G clarification with a solar simulator, the photovoltaic characteristics of the cell were measured. The photo veritable measurements were through by development a source meter at AM1.5G sheen. This value of photo veritable was used to fine-tune the illuminator for measurements later on.The area of the arts was 0.9 cm2.Intro of OPV, normal and inverted geometryIn late years, there has been great interest in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) overdue to various advantages over the conventional silicon solar cells. Some of the braggart(a) advantages include low cost of manufacturing, light cell weight, laid-back might novelty force reaching 10% 1 and being environmentally friendly.The structure of the photoactive layer in these organic photovoltaic cells is ordinari ly an unification surrounded by a fullerene derivative as an electron acceptor and a p-conjugated polymer as an electron donor. Among diametrical substantives, poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) view attracted wide worry for being developed to bulk heterojunction 2. This is because of their outstanding conductivity for both electrons and holes and correct stableness in atmospheric specifications 3.Aside of these advantages, a major scrap in the study of OPV cells is to combine the high strength conversion efficiency and operable stability. To tackle this problem, there are two device structure set forth, namely the conventional geometry and inverted geometry.For devices made agree to the conventional geometry, as shown in Fig 1, the photoactive layer, which is usually a give out of the P3HTPCBM, is lodged between two electrodes, such as an aluminium electrode and an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Upon shining of light, th e electrons and holes are photo-excited and then separated to be put in at the two electrodes. Electrons are gathered at the aluminum electrode and holes are salt away at the ITO electrode.Devices with such geometry usually subscribe comparatively high power conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, the stability of such devices is compromised because these devices are easily affected by oxygen and humidity present in the atmosphere. This is due to the fact that the aluminum electrode has a low bring in do and it is much susceptible to oxidization 4. Thus, the stability of devices made with the conventional geometry is restricted. However, the oxidation of aluminum electrode is not the however factor responsible for device degradation. Other factors such as (1) place carriers being accumulated at the interface between the photoactive layer and the electrode, (2) admixture ions diffusing from the electrodes to the photoactive layer 5, (3) the photoactive layer being unstable an d degrade in atmospheric conditions 6, (4) the morphology of the photoactive layer varies in the nanoscale 7. oneness of the suggested ways to change the stability of such OPV cells is to add a layer of encapsulation to frustrate the oxygen and moisture from entering the devices 8. Nevertheless, the encapsulation tushnot prevent the degradation reaction from possibility within the OPV cells. Therefore, the intrinsic stability of devices needs to be improved. One achievable way is to use the inverted geometry with reversed appoint up collection.For OPV cells manufactured with the inverted geometry, as shown in Fig 2, the photoactive layer is middled between an electron transport layer (ETL) and a hole transport layer (HTL) which are in turn lodged between two electrodes, which are usually indium tin oxide electrode and a metal with high work function like silver. Upon photo excitation, the electrons generated leave behind go through the ETL and be collected by the ITO electro de the holes generated will go through the HTL and be gathered by the metal electrode 9.The high work function of the metal electrode used makes the electrode stable to the oxygen and moisture present in the atmosphere, thus, a higher(prenominal) stability of the OPV cells keep be maintained in a relatively long time period. However, the power conversion efficiency of OPV cells with inverted geometry is generally lower than those OPV cells made with conventional geometry 10.Info on ZnOSeveral materials are commonly used for constructing ETL, some examples are ZnO, LiF11, and Ca 12. Currenly, ZnO is most recognized as a good material for ETL because of its high electron mobility, high photo-stability, low work function and optical hydrofoil 10. Study done by Krebs et al. 2 has shown that inverted OPV cells with ETL made of ZnO indicate an extended lifetime. In their study, IV measurements were performed under illuminated conditions in both presence and absence of UV light. Their results showed that there is increased recombination when the oxygen molecules are desorbed from the surface of ZnO layer due to the photoelectrons when the cell is in operation. In the night time when the cell is not in operation, oxygen molecules are adsorbed onto the ZnO layer again from the atmosphere, thus restoring the OPV cells performance. This cycle of desorption and re-adsorption of oxygen molecules causes the intonation point in the I-V measurement to disappear first and re-appear later.Other than the factors touch on the OPV cells in operation, manufacturing factors work out equally signifi appriset influence on the performance of OPV cells. One of such factors is the specify state.In the rophy gap of ZnO which is a metal oxide semiconductor with nanostructure, there is presence of localize energy states, which are also called trap states. These trap states make the concern transport in ZnO to be different from the bulk material and they exert adverse effect to th e charge transport in ZnO 13. The amount of such trap states increase exponentially from the top of the valence band to the foundation of the conduction band.According to previous research, different amount of trap states potty even be present in the band gap of materials which are chemically identical. The different amount of trap states is a result of exit in crystallinity which means the perfectness of the crystal. High electron diffusivity and mobility is usually associated with materials which have higher crystallinity 14.The crystallinity can be varied by undergone ZnO film through indurate process in different temperature, different closeness of trap states can thus be achieved. The devices which undergo annealing in higher temperature will have lower abstrusity of trap states, thus consequently exhibiting a split up photo-conversion efficiency and greater operational stability.Annealing effect on ZnO, FF, Voc Isc infoTo further illustrate the effect of annealing on th e crystallinity of ZnO layer and consequently the effect on the OPV performance, a study was done by N. K. Elumalai et al.1 with two devices which have their ZnO thin films annealed at two different temperatures after the ZnO film is coated onto the ITO substrate.As shown in Fig. 3, the current electric potential measurement was done under the illuminated condition of 1 solarize for both device A and device B. Device A had its ZnO film annealed at 240 oC, whereas device B had its ZnO film annealed at 160 oC.In the current voltage measurement, the value of the current when the voltage is zero is called the terse circuit current (Isc). In the significance of an OPV cell, Isc is the amount of current going through the cell when the cell is pitiable circuited, which means the voltage across the cell is zero. Hence, the Isc is the utmost current which can be by chance drawn from the OPV cell. The light conversion ability of the OPV cell has a direct influence on the value of Isc. He nce, Isc is useful in characterizing the OPV cell performance.The value of the voltage at the point when the current is zero is called the open circuit voltage (Voc). Voc is the maximum voltage which can be possibly drawn from the OPV cell. In theory, the Voc is dependent each on the work function of the electrodes used or the energy divergence between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the electron donor material and the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LOMO) of the electron acceptor material in the OPV cell, depending on whether the contact is non-ohmic or ohmic.With the currentvoltage measurement, the run into factor (FF) can be determined. Fill factor is the ratio of maximum power to the product of Voc and Isc. By going through every point on the (IV) measurement curve, there is such a point with the current (Imax) and voltage (Vmax) values that maximize the fill factor value gibe to equation,Hence, the fill factor is determined.In addition, the power convers ion efficiency (PCE), can be found from the currentvoltage measurement. PCE is the ratio of the energy outturn from the OPV cell to the solar energy the cell received from incandescence source. The energy output from the OPV cell is defined as Pcell, the solar energy the cell received is defined as Psun. The PCE can be calculated from the equations shown below.With reference to Fig. 3, it is obviously that device A has a better performance since it shows a higher short circuit current slow-wittedness and a higher open circuit voltage than device B does. With some simple calculation, the fill factor and the power conversion efficiency of both device A and device B can be determined and summarized in Table. 1.From the Isc, Voc and PCE, it is obvious that the device A is superior that device B in terms of photovoltaic performance. Hence, it proved that annealing of ZnO film changes the crystallinity of the nanostructure, reduced trap states density and consequently lead to better ph otovoltaic performance.In layer ZnO, Voc vs. T in detail imageTo examine the effect of trap states of ZnO in more details, the concept of trap deepness should be introduced. The trap learning, represented by the symbol , is the depth of the distribution of the trap states in the band gap of ZnO layer. An equation relating the trap depth and Isc is employed 15, as shown below.From this equation, it is obvious that the trap depth is related to the short circuit current which in turn is a function of temperature and spark specialty. The pre-exponential term Io in the equation summarized factors such as mobility and density of the photo-excited carriers. Researches have been done by N. K. Elumalai et al.1 to find the effects of different temperature and illumination flashiness on the Isc. By a semi-log plot, it is easy to find the trap depth at different condition of temperature and illumination intensity.For this study, it is evident that the trap depth of device A is much lower than device B. This is in gunstock with the theoretical prediction which says that the annealing at higher temperature make the nanostructure have a more perfect crystallinity and thus less trap states distribution.The operational stability of these inverted organic solar cells is influenced by the trap depth and variation of the open circuit voltage. Hence, the effect of temperature and illumination intensity on Voc should be noted. There is on such equation proven to be useful as shown belowIn this equation, the recombination is assumed to be Langevin type, Eg signifies the efficient band gap, which is the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the electron donor material and the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LOMO) of the electron acceptor material the effective density of trap states is represented by Nc p and n represent the hole density and electron density respectively e and kB have their usual meaning of principal(a) electron charg e and the Boltzmann constant 16.From the equation above, when the temperature decreases, the Voc will approach more closely to the effective band gap. Nevertheless, this is only true under the condition that the contacts in the device are all ohmic. When contacts are all ohmic, the parapets for charge carriers are low at the interface. However, in the case which contacts are non-ohmic, charge carriers will stuck and accumulate at the interface due to the higher barrier present. Hence, the Voc will be determined by the difference in the work function of the two electrodes.In Fig 5, the effect of temperature and illumination intensity on the Voc is illustrated. In Fig 5 (a), the ZnO layer in the device is annealed at a higher temperature, the Voc decreases almost linearly when the temperature increases for different illumination intensity. This observation can be explained by an increase in the phonon dispersal in the photoactive layer and the ZnO interlayer when the temperature inc reases. In Fig 5 (b), Voc remains relatively constant when temperature is below 180 K for various illumination intensities, but the linear decrease of Voc is observed again when the temperature increases above 180 K this may be due to the fact that the resistivity of the ZnO layer decreases at lower temperature. By comparing the two figures, the difference in underframe can only be associated to the difference of crystallinity which is a result of annealing at different temperature. Hence, it can be suggested that the Voc is affected by the trap states at low temperature. To validate this proposition, the plot of Voc in Fig 5 (a) can be extrapolated to a temperature of 0 K, it will yield a value of 0.8 to 0.9 V. Comparing to the work function difference of the two electrodes which is around 0.7 V, this open circuit voltage is much higher, and it is indeed determined by the effective band gap.

A Critical Analysis of The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A Critical Analysis of The colour Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman The Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a riveting story of a cast down woman locked away as if she were insane. Her passion is to write and by doing so we atomic number 18 able to follow her on a journey in which she is victimized by those closest to her. The significance of the story is tre handsdous as it delves into the underlying issues of a womans place and feminism in the 19th century. The story not just gave an insight into the public perception of mental illness but it by and by caused a famous psychiatrist, Silas Weir Mitchell to alter his treatment of neurasthema. As the story begins, the woman-whose physique we never learn-tells of her depression and how it is dismissed by her husband and brother who are both medical practitioners. You take to, he does not believe I am sick And what can one do? We are able to see that the narrator has maintained the traditional patriarchal feelings, as many women and men did in 19th century, where women are discouraged from venturing out of their given sphere, due to the governmental makeup of the era. It becomes apparent that her mind was alluding to this point by the way she speaks intimately her husband, John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that. The structure of this sentence highlights the potent laughing and the woman acquiescing, showed by the short sentence and the full stuff - silencing any of her thoughts and opinions. An example of the dominant submissive relationship between them. He treats her as if she was a child and he was the controlling, domineering, yet loving parent. What is it, miniature girl? h... ...d self-analysis, and was symptomatic of the degeneration rife in society. This illustrates the protagonists warped guide on state as although yellow is associated with negativity, she craves it. This is portrayed when the protago nist claims that everything outside is green or else of yellow. Her mind is so twisted that she feels everything outside of her sphere is evil. The ending of the story is liberal to a variety of different interpretations. She feels victorious for escaping from her husbands grasp however in reality she is now trapped within herself. We feel that she may enthrone suicide due to her frustration, however the situation was reversed, and I was given the whimsy that she may have tried to murder her husband, in an attempt to salvage herself. However what ultimately happens we are never able to learn.

Exploring the Renaissance in England Essay -- British history, european

During the times 1400s and 1500s primarily in Italy, there was an inbred change that encompassed all aspects of life. It is called a Renaissance. The word conversion means reincarnation and it was a response to adversities in middle ages. In Western European history Renaissance or renascence marks a rebirth between the times of Medieval and innovative era. It is also the beginning of the ultramodern history. Religion is a dominant culture in itself and also a set of beliefs that represent the social order but with the beginning of the spiritual rebirth, nation started to examine the nature, instead of focused on religious issues .The church was not the center of attention any much. With Renaissance there is a concept accrue which is based on human and their feelings, it is supercharged people to explore and be more creative than it used to be. The English renaissance is a pagan and artistic movement in England from the 16th century to the17th century. Renaissance arrived England farsighted after due to detention of the printing press. Thus, it became an impossible thing to get on literacy and help to spread new ideas. The other reason of this detention aptitude be linked with the idea that British people give little importance to their language. The changing of morality that is made by the king is the roughly signifi squirtt occasion which shows Renaissance officially affected on England. With this variation, religion no coherenter ruled their lives. Apparently, that is the reason of why Renaissance arrived in England. When we looking at the terminus as a whole we fecal matter easily see that Renaissance embraces a series of differentiation let in social, politic and artistic aspects of lives. During the renaissance in England, social life gained many advanc... ...ery professional. There was a new sense of fun occurred which was pointed to effect audience.Compared with the preceding(prenominal) streams, we see that In Shakespe ares time subject matters turned into more humanistic interest such as rhetoric logic. Thus, he had a significant effect on expansion of English vocabulary. I would extremity to conclude this brief essay on life in renaissance to say that, Renaissance became synonymous with the idea of rebirth and it reflected the great changes in politics, society and artistic aspects of live. As a matter of fact, Elizabeth era go forth over(p) a remarkable impression that time in England, it came up with directlys universe famous authors, artists, architects and composers. It is inevitable to say that Renaissance period in England reminds all people of the most significant moments around the human race in terms of ethnical and historical movements. Exploring the Renaissance in England turn out -- British history, european During the times 1400s and 1500s primarily in Italy, there was an inborn change that encompassed all aspects of life. It is called a Renaissance. Th e word renaissance means rebirth and it was a response to adversities in middle ages. In Western European history Renaissance or rebirth marks a mutation between the times of Medieval and modern era. It is also the beginning of the modern history. Religion is a dominant culture in itself and also a set of beliefs that represent the social order but with the beginning of the renaissance, people started to examine the nature, instead of focused on religious issues .The church was not the center of attention anymore. With Renaissance there is a concept accrued which is based on human and their feelings, it is encouraged people to explore and be more creative than it used to be. The English renaissance is a cultural and artistic movement in England from the 16th century to the17th century. Renaissance arrived England long after due to detention of the printing press. Thus, it became an impossible thing to encourage literacy and help to spread new ideas. The other reason of this deten tion capability be linked with the idea that British people give little importance to their language. The changing of religion that is made by the king is the most significant occasion which shows Renaissance officially affected on England. With this variation, religion no longer ruled their lives. Apparently, that is the reason of why Renaissance arrived in England. When we looking at the period as a whole we can easily see that Renaissance embraces a series of differentiation take on social, politic and artistic aspects of lives. During the renaissance in England, social life gained legion(predicate) advanc... ...ery professional. There was a new sense of fun occurred which was pointed to effect audience.Compared with the preceding(prenominal) periods, we see that In Shakespeares time subject matters turned into more humanistic interest such as rhetoric logic. Thus, he had a significant effect on expansion of English vocabulary. I would requisite to conclude this brief essay on life in renaissance to say that, Renaissance became synonymous with the idea of rebirth and it reflected the great changes in politics, society and artistic aspects of live. As a matter of fact, Elizabeth era left a remarkable impression that time in England, it came up with straight offs world famous authors, artists, architects and composers. It is inevitable to say that Renaissance period in England reminds all people of the most significant moments around the world in terms of cultural and historical movements.

A Comparison of the Magic in The Rocking-Horse Winner and A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings :: Rocking Horse Enormous Wings Essays

A Comparison of the Magic in The Rocking-Horse Winner and A precise Old Man WithEnormous WingsMagic arises out of the deuce main characters of D.H. Lawrences TheRocking-Horse Winner and Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Paul, in the first story,pulls out higher forces to abet him decide who the winner of the next horse racewill be. In the Marquez story, a nameless and elderly n nonpareilsuch lands on earth to halt sex first hand the human behavior he strives to correct. The magic inthe air gives these stories a feeling of suspense. They are horrifying, if notin the Stephen fagot horror genre. These tales encompass an undeniable amount ofmagic, doctrine, greed, vindication and misunderstanding.Pelayo and Elisenda, in the Garcia Marquez yarn, strike the soul retrieveron his way to take their child to heaven, or so it is thought. The magicalangels identity had to be discovered by a neighbor of the couple because theydidnt have in mind that an angel could wind up on their land. Who would t hink of anangel landing? Meanwhile, Paul doesnt show when he discovers the magical exp onentof the rocking horse he received as a gift one year. He does ride it a good deal asLawrence describes. The stories are bound by the fact that the magical thingsthey discover are unbelievable at best. They often criticize Paul for hisaffection for a horse he should have outgrown long ago. No one would believethat the rocking-horse essentially talked to him. Although the characters in AVery Old Man with Enormous Wings believe that an angel is in their presence,they have no idea what to do with him. No one had ever dealt with a spirit onthis take before.As he rocked back and forth on his rocking horse, Paul had faith in purpose the winner of the next horse race. For some reason they could notexplain, Pauls uncle and Bassett had faith in him to pick it. They kept makingmoney on the small boy with faith. The boy, whose parents had no luck, also hadthe faith that they did not have. Sadly, his f aith killed him. He wanted somuch to rid the house of the voices he comprehend that he drove himself to death fromthe intense pressure he place upon himself. When he died, he killed the voicesas the spiritual world claimed the only share of the family with luck.A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings shows that the sight in this smallfan can have some level of faith without directly showing it.

Critical Thinking Is More than Common Sense Essay -- Critical Thinking

If one were to ask a group of high school seniors questions like, Who was the source U.S. president? or, What equation is associated with the Pythagorean Theorem? they would likely discover that the majority of the students would closure correctly. However, if one were to pose the questions, wherefore did the Civil War occur? or, Why are international trade relations between other countries essential to the U.S.? they would receive fragmented responses at best few students would be capable to provide clear and concise answers. This simulated example clearly underscores roughly of the reliable flaws in the education system across the nation. Instructors teach students, and conceptualize them to learn they do not teach them how to learn. Many educators have taught students tumesce how to compile trivia and miscellaneous facts, but few have very embraced the method of vital thought in the classroom. Kansans praise the system for the amend test scores, yet they fail to se e through the blanket of much(prenominal) pseudo-success, and they do not realize the true mediocrity of the Kansas educational curriculum. second-string schools in Kansas should place a greater emphasis on critical thinking in the classroom. As indicated by studies from the National Assessment of educational Progress, students fall short when it comes to critical thought and reasoning (Jasparro, 86). Because of the current classroom practices of rote memorization, students are generally deeply habituated to passivity and low-level performance, reports Linda Elder, executive director director for the Center for exact intellection, who promotes the integration of critical thought into current curriculum. near students have no conception of what discursive reasoning is. Most have spen... ...mprovement Research Series. Nov. 1991. Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory .Critical mentation Skills Key to Raising SAT Scores. Business Wire. Lexis-Nexis Online. 30 prideful 1991. Keywords Critical Thinking.Elder, Linda. The 18th International Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform. 18th International Conference on Critical Thinking. 4 Aug. 1998. The Center for Critical Thinking .Jasparro, Ralph. Applying Systems Thinking to Curriculum Evaluation. NASSP Bulletin 82.598 (1998) 86.Paul, Richard. capacity is Thinking Thinking is Content. Content is Thinking. 28 June 2001. The Center for Critical Thinking . ---.

Terrorism and the Fight for Freedom Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resear

The get by for Freedom Most of the time, when view confirm to the sixties, people rememberhearing about things such(prenominal) as sex, drugs, and racism. However, what they a good deal fly the coop to overlook is the large emphasis freedoms had on the era.This does not serious refer to the freedoms already possessed by everyAmerican of the time. This focuses on the youths fight to wee freedom orbreak by from the determine and ideas left idler by the erstwhile(a) genesis.While some(a) authors when penning about the sixties give serious accounts ofthe youths fights to obtain these freedoms, others tend to sorb adifferent and more dramatic approach to viewing the struggles complex inthese fights. Yet, all of the authors have the same basic determine andmessages in mind. They all, more or less, aim to show the many freedomswhich their extension was flake for. These fights were used to admirerpush for freedoms from aras such as societys rules and set,competition, al ive for others first, and the former(a) generations beliefs asa whole including the freedom to use drugs. The junior generation justwanted a chance to express their avouch views quite a than having to constantlysuccumb to the values and rules left behind by the older generation. The two different approaches used by authors to express these viewsare oftentimes representative of the two main systems used by youths to helpgain their freedoms. The first approach, taken by the manner Huron Statementand authors such as Gerzon, Reich, Revel and Gitlin, follows the ideals ofthe cutting Left. The New Left represents youths striving for governmental change overthrough cultural means. People are encouraged to turn for their ideal... ... The freedomswhitethorn not be fully there, but many of the beliefs and values behind thestruggle to acquire those freedoms are still there. WORKS CITEDThe Port Huron Statement. The New Left A Documentary History. Ed. Massimo Teodori. New York The Bob bs- Merrill Co, 1969.Reich, Charles A. The New Generation. American determine in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.Rubin Jerry. Our Leaders Are Seven- socio-economic class Olds. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.Rubin, Jerry. We Are totally humans Be-ins. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972. Terrorism and the Fight for Freedom Essay -- Exploratory Essays ResearThe Fight for Freedom Most of the time, when thinking back to the sixties, people rememberhearing about things such as sex, drugs, and racism. However, what theyoften tend to overlook is the large emphasis freedoms had on the era.This does not just refer to the freedoms already possessed by everyAmerican of the time. This focuses on the youths fight to gain freedom orbreak away from the values and ideas left behind by the older generation.While some authors when writing about the sixties give serious accounts ofthe youths fights to obtain these freedoms, others tend to take adifferent and more dramatic approach to showing the struggles involved inthese fights. Yet, all of the authors have the same basic values andmessages in mind. They all, more or less, aim to show the many freedomswhich their generation was fighting for. These fights were used to helppush for freedoms from areas such as societys rules and values,competition, living for others first, and the older generations beliefs asa whole including the freedom to use drugs. The younger generation justwanted a chance to express their own views rather than having to constantlysuccumb to the values and rules left behind by the older generation. The two different approaches used by authors to express these viewsare often representative of the two main systems used by youths to helpgain their freedoms. The first approach, taken by the Port Huron Sta tementand authors such as Gerzon, Reich, Revel and Gitlin, follows the ideals ofthe New Left. The New Left represents youths striving for political changethrough cultural means. People are encouraged to work for their ideal... ... The freedomsmay not be fully there, but many of the beliefs and values behind thestruggle to acquire those freedoms are still there. WORKS CITEDThe Port Huron Statement. The New Left A Documentary History. Ed. Massimo Teodori. New York The Bobbs- Merrill Co, 1969.Reich, Charles A. The New Generation. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.Rubin Jerry. Our Leaders Are Seven- Year Olds. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.Rubin, Jerry. We Are All Human Be-ins. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.

New Religious Movements Essay -- Analysis, Lorne Dawson

Dawson (2010) Lorne Dawson presents a unique perspective on the similarities between impertinent Religious Movements (NRM), which be also known as cults, and radical Moslem groups. Dawson (2010) questions why no dialogue has occurred because of the similarities between the two types of movements. Dawson (2010) stated that individuals that matrimony Islamic basal groups have the same issues of NRM members who experience a point of reference of want or alienation from the secular world. As with both groups, Dawson (2010) bothudes that the deprivation is based on personalization of an issue that could be social, psychological, and moral. Dawson (2010) cautions that deprivation is non all ab stunned economics and there is no singular profile to fit an individual and pointed reason of why an individual will feel deprivation. Dawson points out the general public may view people as worst on their luck and in economic strife. However, in actuality, both groups harmonise to Dawson (2010) come from middle class families and have obtained some education and front unremarkable, just as asserted in the Silber and Bhatt (2007) study. With this sense of deprivation, Dawson points out seek individuals in both NRM and radical Islamic groups may want to copy an identity which is influenced by socialization with other people going by means of the same situation or who understand what an individual is going through. Dawson makes an provoke point that the social bonds that are strong and give an individual a sense of belonging which help transform a person to a NRM or radical Islamic group. Dawson refers to two key socialization tenets that are in both NRM and radical Islam and was course credited in Silber and Bhatt (2007) study that are appli... ...to aim away from the aspect of socialization as a conduit to propel radicalization. It does mention that Larose accused of conspiring to kill Swedish artist Lars Vilks had social contacts throug h emails financial support her effort. The literature provides a valid point that the internet has transpired as a major component in increase of the radicalization process. This paper argues the researchers should have presented the assertion that the internet is a gateway for socialization rather than a assembly for self-radicalization. The paper did mention the importance of information operations to counter media promoting radicalization which has not been emphasized to the extent as it was in this literature. The Self-Awakening variable implies religion in this literature. The Social Conduit variable is obviously identified as the internet and extremist groups.