Erickson stages of child development Essay

Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial study is one of the best-kn induce theories of personality in psychological science. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Eriksons theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole mannerspan. Erikson theory focuses on physical, emotional, and psychological stages of development. accord to Erikson personality certain in eight developmental stages throughout life span and the remove of each stage must be met or resolved in the approachning the move to the next stage. If individual consumes be non met in a triggericular stage, it will affect the individual later in life. Eriksons stages of development assessment findings of each age group and say-so findings a nurse may discover includes Infancy (birth to 18 months) conceive versus Mis blaspheme.Children be thrum to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their feel forgiver(s). If trust develops successfully, the c hild gains confidence and security in the world around him and is fit to intuitive feeling secure even when threatened. Unsuccessful completion of this stage dismiss result in an inability to trust, and thence a aesthesis of business concern about the inconsistent world. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over olfactory modality of mistrust in the world around them. early(a) Childhood (2 to 3 years) Autonomy versus shame and doubt .Children begin to assert their independence, by locomote away from their mother, picking which toy to wager with, and making choices about what they analogous to wear, to eat, etc. If children in this stage are promote and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world. If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, escape ego-esteem, and feel a virtuoso of shame or doubt in their own abilities. Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative versus guilt.Children assert themselves more frequently. They begin to project activities, make up games, and invest activities with others. If given thisopportunity, children develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to channelize others and make decisions. Conversely, if this course is squelched, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. They may feel like a nuisance to others and will therefore remain followers, lacking in self-initiative. School Age (6 to 11 years) patience versus inferiority.Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. They initiate projects, fix them through to completion, and feel good about what they have achieved. During this time, teachers play an increased role in the childs development. If children are encouraged and reinforce d for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his potential. Adolescence (12 to 18 years) Identity versus role confusion. During adolescence, the transition from puerility to adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more independent, and begin to forecast at the future in statuss of career, relationships, families, housing, etc.During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. This sense of who they are can be hindered, which results in a sense of confusion (I dont receive what I want to be when I grow up) about themselves and their role in the world. Success in this stage leads to an ability to stay true and organism focused piece failure leads to role co nfusion and a weak sense of self or confused. Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Intimacy versus isolation. Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. We explore relationships leading toward longer term payloads with someone other than a family member.Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes low. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) Generativity versus. stagnation During middle adulthood, we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. We give back tosociety through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. This leads to feelings of public-service corporation and accomplishment. By failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. due date (65 to death) Ego integrity versus despair.As we grow older and become precedential citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired person. It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. If we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our pasts, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. Summary of how nurses would handle physical assessment, examinations, education and communication differently with children versus adults. According to ( Javis 2012), respectment is the collection of data about the individual wellness state. Edelman & Mandle ( 2010), delimit health assessment as a tool used to determine health puzzle of an individual through comely physical examinat ion, screening, health history which enable health care provider to have sixth sense of the individual problem. assessment helps in dictating the actual diagnosis by identifying the signs and symptoms of the infirmity, subtle the patient cultures and beliefs will also help in developing proper health care plan for effective care delivery and health promotion. According to (Javis 2012), Children are unable to relay information concerning their health problem compared to adults due to their developmental stage. The nurse depends on the parents or care givers to get health information relating to the children. The child observation and the parent interview should be well documented. According to (Javis 2012), performing health assessment to toddlers may not be easy brainiac to toe assessment in a toddler may not be in sequence. Patience is inevitable by the nurse in conducting physical assessment in a child. Nurses often gain good rapport with children by giving toys, write up an d crayon to them.Nurses learning how to gain consent both in adults and in children will help in proper physical assessment of everyone and these includes The trim evaluate for Birthmarks, pigmentation or color change, skin disease such as rashes, lesion and acne. Changes in the nail shape and bruises. Head Assess forhair texture, alopecia, head injury, dizziness and headache. Eyes Assess for glasses use, the date of last nerve centre visit to you doctor. Check for redness, drainage, pupil size, pupil reaction, cataract, glaucoma, pain. Ear Assess for whatsoever ear problems such as drainage, myringotomy tubes in ears, cerumen, ringing in the ear. dig and SinusesAssess for frequent cod, nose bleed, nasal stiffness and any(prenominal)(prenominal) allergies. express and ThroatAssess for cleft lip and palate, caries, sores in the back talk, tongue and throat, mouth breathing, difficulty in chewing, s jettyowing and hoarseness voice. NeckAssess for swollen glands and boundary of movements.BreastAssess for any nipple discharge, pain or any breast disease. Preadolescents and adolescents ask questions like when did they noticed breast changes in their physical structure. respiratoryAssess for wheezing or noisy breathing, shortness of breath, chronic cough, fanny or history of asthma. CardiovascularAssess the shape of the chest wall auscultate to dictate normal magnetic core sounds or abnormal heart sound such as murmur. Assess for heart palpitation, dyspnea on exertion, coldness in extremities and normal or abnormal blood pressure. Gastro-intestinal ashesAssess for abdominal pain, frequent nausea/ vomiting, frequent bowel movements, the shop constituency diarrhea or constipation, use of laxatives, rectal bleeding and history of pinworms. urinary SystemAssess for history of urinary tract infection, oliguria/ polyuria, urine color. hold for any planned toilet training for the child, when it started. Is the child bedwetting? Do you know if there is any f actor associated with this? Male genital SystemAssess the penis for pain. Check for lesions, drainage, swelling, hernia in the scrotum during crying. Preadolescents and adolescents boys assess for puberty changes and any informal abuse. Female genital SystemAssess for genital itching, vaginal discharges, and rashes. Check for sexual abuse. Preadolescents and adolescents ask if their menstruation has started. Sexual wellnessAssess for sexually transmitted disease such as gonorrhea/ syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, human immunodeficiency virus/ AIDS. Ask if the preadolescents or the adolescent are into a relationship involving sexual intercourse. Did she or he know about sexually transmitted diseases? Assess how a child reacts towards the opposite sex. Musculoskeletal SystemAssess for mug up and joint pain, swelling, arthritis, stiffness, limited movement, coordination and gait strength. Assess for muscle strength, pain, cramps, weakness, posture, spinal curvature. neurological SystemAs sess for numbness and tingling sensation. Cognitive functions, mental retardations and cerebral palsy. Hematologic SystemAssess for excessive bruising, swelling of the lymph nodes, exposure to nephrotoxic agents and radiations. Endocrine SystemAssess the history of thyroid or diabetes disease such as excessive thirst, hunger or urination. Delay in puberty and abnormal hair distributions. Nurse should know the anatomy and physiology associated with body system to be able to differentiate normal findings from abnormal findings. health assessment is performed according to developmental stages. The parents and care givers should relate important health information of a child to the nurse for effective health care delivery. All information gathered should be properly documented.ReferencesEricksons Stages of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved fromhttp//allpsych.com/psychology/101/social_development.html. Ericksons Theory of Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. Retr ievedhttp//psychology.about.com/od/psychosocial.html.Javis, Carolyn. Physical Examination & health Assessment, (Saunders2012).Sixth edition Carole Edelman, Elizabeth kudzma, Carol Mandle.Health promotion throughout life span,7th Edition ( 2010).