The Work of Cindy Sherman :: Photography Photographer

No former(a) artist has ever made as extended or compound career of presenting her self to the camera as has Cindy Sherman. Yet, while all of her photographs are interpreted of Cindy Sherman, it is impossible to class call her works self-portraits. She has transformed and staged herself into as unnamed actresses in undefined B movies, make-believe television characters, make believe porn stars, undifferentiated young women in ambivalent emotional states, carriage mannequins, monsters form fairly tales and those which she has created, bodies with deformities, and numbers of grotesqueries. Her work as been praised and embraced by two feminist political groups and apolitical mainstream art. Essentially, Shermans photography is part of the assimilation and investigation of sexual and racial identity within the visual liberal arts since the 1970s. It has been said that, The bulk of her workhas been constructed as a theater of muliebrity as it is formed and informed by mass culture( her) pictures insist on the aporia of feminine identity tout court, represented in her pictures as a potentially limitless range of masquerades, roles, projections (Sobieszek 229). Born in Glen Ridge, brisk Jersey, Cindy Sherman grew up in suburban Huntington Beach on Long Island, the youngest of vanadium children and had a regular American childhood. She was very self-involved, found of costumes, and given to consumption hours at the mirror, playing with makeup (Schjeldahl 7). Cindy Sherman attended the state University College at Buffalo, newfound York, where she prototypal started to create art in the medium of painting. During her college years, she painted self-portraits and down-to-earth copies of images that she saw in photographs and magazines. Yet, she became less, and less interested in painting and became more and more interested in conceptual, minimal, performance, body art, and film alternatives (Sherman 5). Shermans very first introductory photography clas s in college was a complete loser for she had difficulties with the technological aspects of making a print. After her disastrous first onslaught in photography, Sherman discovered Contemporary Art, which had a profound and lasting consummation on the rest of her artistic career (Thames and Hudson 1). Shermans first appellation in her photography class was to photograph something which gave her a problem, thus, Sherman chose to photograph her self naked. While this was difficult, she learned that having an idea was the most important factor in creating her art, not so much the technique that she used.

Ch 18

Chapter 18 Ethers &038 Epoxides Thiols and Sulfides appoint Reading from McMurry Read Sections 18. 1 through 18. 9 not obligated for Focus on Epoxy Resins &038 Adhesives, pp. 697-698). Recommended Problems from McMurry 18. 1a-e18. 18. 218. 3a-d 18. 4 18. 5a-d 18. 6a-b 18. 7a-b 18. 8 18. 9 18. 10 18. 11 18. 12a,b 18. 13a,b 18. 14a-c 18. 16a-f 18. 17 18. 18 18. 19a-c 18. 20 18. 21 18. 22 18. 23a-e 18. 24a-I 18. 25a-f 18. 26a-d 18. 27 18. 28 18. 29ad 18. 30a-e 18. 31 18. 32 18. 33 18. 34 18. 35a-d 18. 36 18. 37 18. 38 18. 39 18. 40a,b 18. 41a-d 18. 2 18. 43 18. 44 18. 45 18. 45 18. 46 18. 47 18. 48 18. 49 18. 51 18. 52 18. 53 18. 54 18. 551-e 18. 56 18. 57 18. 58a-b 18. 59a-b 18. 60 18. 61. 18. 1 call and Properties of Ethers Method A Simple quintessences alphabetize if two organic substituents. CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Diethyl ether methyl radical group propyl ether O CH3CH2CH2OCH3 CH3 Methyl phenyl ether SP 18. 01 depict systematic names for the interest ethers. CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3 O SP 18. 02 depart buildings for the following systematic names. organized name Isopropyl phenyl ether Systematic name Cyclohexyl ethyl etherMethod B Other functional groups present, ether fixings is an alkoxy substituent. Alkoxy examples methoxy -OCH3, ethoxy -OCH2CH3, propoxy -OCH2CH2CH3, etc. O C H3 O CH3 O C H3 para-Dimethoxybenzene 3-Methoxy-1-cyclopentene SP 18. 03 Provide systematic names for the following complex ethers. OCH3 O CH2CH3 Cl SP 18. 04 Provide complex body parts for the following systematic names. Systematic name meta-Bromopropoxybenzene Systematic name 1-Isopropoxycyclopentene 18. 2 Synthesis of Ethers The Williamson Ether Synthesis R + O an alkoxide C X R SN2 an alkyl group halide methyl &038 1o best X = Cl, Br, I, OTos O C ether crossroadExample O Na + Sodium phenoxide CH3 Br O CH3 Phenyl methyl ether (anisole) + Na Br + X SP 18. 05 Complete the following reactions. CH3 CH3 C O Na + CH3 I + Na I CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH3 I + Na O CH3 + Na I SP 18. 06 Provide the sui table alkoxide and alkyl halide necessary to enkindle 2-ethoxy-2-methyl butane in good yield. CH3 CH3 CH2 C O CH3 CH2 CH3 + Na Br 8. 4 Oxymercuration Intermediates For laboratory-scale hydration of an alkene Use mercuric acetate in THF followed by sodium borohydride Markovnikov orientation via mercurinium ion Alkoxymercuration of Alkenes General response R C C 2) NaBH4 H C R EtherAlkene RO Step 1 RO C 1) Hg(OAc)2, ROH H g OA c C C Step 2 R + HOAc Markovnikov addition SP 18. 07 Complete the following reactions by displaying the final study organic product. H C 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH H C 2) NaBH4 H CH3 CH3 C C H CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH 2) NaBH4 SP 18. 08 Specify the alkene and alcohol needed to produce the following ether. Alcohol OCH2CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3 2) NaBH4 Alkene 18. 3 receptions of Ethers Acidic Ether division General reception HX C O C C OH + X C (strong acid) Ether Alcohol Alkyl halide SP 18. 09 Predict the product for the following ether-cleavage reaction. CH3 CH3 C O CH3 HBr CH2CH3 8. 4 Reactions of Ethers Claisen Rearrangement O OH 1,3 O to C push Thermodynamically to a greater extent stable o 250 Allyl phenyl ether C9H10O ortho-Allyl carbolic acid C9H10O Mechanism (involves six-membered transition state) 1 O TS 2 3 1 O 2 H keto-enol tautomerization 3 O H SP 18. 10 Predict the structure for the following Claisen rearrangement. O o 250 2-Butenyl phenyl ether C10H12O 18. 5 Cyclic Ethers Epoxides (2 methods) General Reaction 1 O C C + R Alkene C O O O O C H A peracid C An epoxide R C O A carboxylic acid proper(postnominal) Example 1 O Cl C O O H m-CPBA o H O O + CH2Cl2, 25 C H 1,2-Epoxycycloheptane Cl H C O H 18. Cyclic Ethers Epoxides (2 methods) General Reaction 2 C OH X2, weewee C C C X A halohydrin Alkene O NaOH H2O C + H2O + NaX C An epoxide Review Section 7. 3 Specific Example 2 H CH3 C C H CH3 cis-2-Butene Br2 H2O H CH3 Br C OH C H CH3 NaOH H2O O HC CH3 C H + H2O + NaBr CH3 meso-2,3-Dimethyl-oxirane (or cis-2,3-epoxybutane) SP 18. 11 Fi ll in the appropriate intermediates showing the decline stereochemistry. H CH3 C C CH3 Br2 NaOH H H2O H2O trans-2-Butene + H2O + NaBr 18. 6 Reactions of Epoxides Ring-Opening General epoxide structure O C Since each atom is sp3 in that location is considerable angle strain in the epoxide ring-system.C Acidic Conditions Epoxide opening down the stairs acidic conditions (aqueous acid) yields 1,2-diols General Reaction H H O O C H C HO C H2O An epoxide C OH A 1,2-diol (glycol) H O C H C + O H H O C + C H O H H O H Specific Example (using even epoxide) H + H H3O OH H2O OH O H H trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol SP 18. 12 Predict the correct structure of the product diol showing the correct stereochemistry. O H CH3 C C CH3 H trans-2,3-epoxybutane H3O+ H2O mention Epoxide opening under anhydrous acidic conditions yields halohydrins. Specific Example (2 and 1 carbons) o 1 carbon o 2 carbon O CH3 H C C H H 1,2-EpoxypropaneOH HCl Et2O CH3 C Cl CH2 Cl + CH3 H 1-Chloro-2-propanol (90%) C CH2 OH H 2-Chloro-1-propanol (10%) SP 18. 13 Using the supra model scream the major halohydrin. O H C H C HCl H Et2O O H C C H H HCl OH C Et2O H Cl CH2 Cl + C CH2 OH H Explanation In cases where a 2 carbon and a 1 carbon form the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin product will be the unity where the incipient alcohol is 2 and the halide is 1. Upon protonation of the epoxide oxygen the halide ion simplistic attacks the less-hindered 1 carbon with a greater frequency to deliver the major regioisomer. Specific Example (3 and 1 carbons) SP 18. 4 Using the above model predict the major halohydrin. Circle one. O C C H H HCl OH C Et2O + C H Cl Cl H C OH C H H Explanation In cases where a 3 carbon and a 1 carbon form the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin product will be the one where the incipient alcohol is 1 and the halide is 3. Upon protonation of the epoxide oxygen the halogen attacks the more-stabilized (same as moresubstituted) carbon atom to give the major regioisomer described. elemen tary Conditions Note Nucleophile will always attack least-hindered position. Specific Example o 3 carbon 1o carbon O CH3 CH3 C C H H OH NaOH H2O, ? CH3 C CH2 OH CH3 -Methyl-1,2-propanediol SP 18. 15 Predict the structure of the 1,2-diol from the following reaction. O C C H H NaOH H2O, ? Reaction with Grignard Reagents O CH3 CH3 C C H H OH 1) CH3CH2MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 SP 18. 16 Predict the structure of the organic product from the following Grignardepoxide reaction. O H C C H H 1) CH3MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl Reaction with a 1 amine O H C OH CH2 H H2NCH2CH2CH3 C CH2 N CH2 CH2 H Reaction with a 2 amine O H C OH H H3C CH2 + N H3C H C CH2 N CH3 CH3 CH3 SP 18. 17 Predict the structure of the epoxide and amine needed to generate the amino alcohol shown to the right.OH + CH3 C CH3 Epoxide amine CH2 N H 18. 7 Crown Ethers Large rings consisting of iterate (-OCH2CH2-) or similar units Named as x-crown-y x is the total number of atoms in the ring y is the numbe r of oxygen atoms 18-crown-6 ether 18-membered ring containing 6 oxygen atoms Central cavity is electronegative and attracts cations 18. 8 Thiols and Sulfides Thiols (RSH), be randomness analogues of alcohols Named with the suffix -thiol SH group is called mercapto group (capturer of mercury) Thiols Formation and Reaction From alkyl halides by displacement with a process nucleophile such as SH The alkylthiol product can undergo move on reaction with the alkyl halide to give a symmetrical sulfide, giving a poorer yield of the thiol Sulfides Sulfides (RSR? ), are sulfur analogues of ethers Named by rules used for ethers, with sulfide in place of ether for simple compounds and alkylthio in place of alkoxy Using Thiourea to Form Alkylthiols Thiols can undergo further reaction with the alkyl halide to give dialkyl sulfides For a pure alkylthiol use thiourea (NH2(C=S)NH2) as the nucleophile This gives an intermediate alkylisothiourea salt, which is hydrolyzed cleanly to the alkyl thiourea Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides Reaction of an alkyl thiol (RSH) with atomic number 35 or iodine gives a disulfide (RSSR) The thiol is oxidized in the process and the halogen is rock-bottom Sulfides Thiolates (RS? ) are formed by the reaction of a thiol with a demonstrate Thiolates react with primary or secondary alkyl halide to give sulfides (RSR) Thiolates are excellent nucleophiles and react with many electrophiles Sulfides as Nucleophiles Sulfur compounds are more nucleophilic than their oxygen-compound analogues 3p valence electrons (on S) are less tightly held than 2p electrons (on O) Sulfides react with primary alkyl halides (SN2) to give rialkylsulfonium salts (R3S+) Oxidation of Sulfides Sulfides are easily oxidized with H2O2 to the sulfoxide (R2SO) Oxidation of a sulfoxide with a peroxyacid yields a sulfone (R2SO2) Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is often used as a cold aprotic solvent 18. 9 Spectroscopy of Ethers Infrared CO single-bond stretch iness 1050 to 1150 cm? 1 overlaps many other absorptions. Proton NMR H on a C next to ether O is shifted downfield to ? 3. 4 to ? 4. 5 The 1H NMR spectrum of dipropyl ether shows this signal at ? 3. 4 In epoxides, these Hs absorb at ? 2. 5 to ? 3. 5 in their 1H NMR spectra Carbon NMR Cs in ethers portray a downfield shift to ? 50 to ? 80 Lets Work a Problem When 2-methyl-2,5-pentanediol is treated with sulfuric acid, dehydration occurs and 2,2dimethyltetrahydrofuran is formed. give notice a mechanism for this reaction. Which of the two oxygen atoms is most likely to be eliminated and why? Answer First, there is protonation of the 3? OH group, then a 3? carbocation is formed via loss of H2O. Then there is a nucleophilic attack of the carbocation by the 2nd OH group. The 3? OH group is the one eliminated in all likelihood because its removal involves the formation of the more stable 3? carbocation.

Messages of Strength and Pride in Three Poems

Poems from the Harlem Renaissance provide vibrance and energy for the contributor as they enliven a culture and tradition never onward seen in the United States. The poems Chicago, by Carl Sandburg, The Harlem Dancer, by Claude McKay, and Mother to Son, by Langston Hughes, either embody this substantial culture through vivid proposes an lingering metaphors. sequence they show the pride and substance of their subjects, the poems also hint at a bit of vulnerability as well. Therefore, these trio poems metaphorically illicit outward-bound shows of strength and pride which hide pain, toil and even resentment underneath.Strength is an connect of a per discussion who has toiled and prevailed despite the overwhelming odds against him. In the offset printing half of the poem, Chicago, the first person talker is addressing the city through a series of metaphors. First, he addresses him as a serious of occupations which all pick out great physical strength but which do non cast an association with upper class wealth or power bull Butcher for the World,Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat,Player with Railroads and the Nations Freight Handler (Sandburg, lines. 1-3).These images create a masculine, hulking mood for the reader. It is evident that life in this city requires massiveness and even a cunning mind. The speaker notes the physical attributes of the city, which can be comp ared to a man Stormy, husky, brawling,City of the Big Shoulders (Sandburg, lines. 4-5).The city is personified as a disenfranchised-working and proud blue collar worker who may live to remediate to underhanded dealings in order to survive.However, as the poem progresses, the metaphors change. The speaker begins with a parallel series of descriptions wicked, crooked, and brutal, to characterize the city along with a justification for each. He notes the city is sneering but withlifted interrogative singingso proud to be alive and coarse and strong and cunning (Sandburg, lines. 18-19).The su ggestion is that the city demands more than hard work it sometimes takes pain and trickery from its inhabitants. However, the messages notes that sometimes this behavior is necessary for survival, and that the city has no moral problem with crime, corruption and manipulation.Finally, the poem shifts to the metaphor not of a man at all, but a beast. This creature is Fierce as a dog with tongue lapping for action, cunningas a unfounded pitted against the wilderness (Sandburg lines. 23-24).Now the city is not human, but savage and untamed, reflecting the problems it presents for the survival of its dwellers. They must endure, the smoke, the dust, the teeth and the burden of the city and somehow influence to laugh,even as an ignorant fighter laughs who hasnever lost a battle (Sandburg, lns. 34-35).The bottom line for this poem is pride. Sometimes the people had to be dishonest and brutal, but they have an immense pride in get to where they are. The personified images of the city port ray all of these emotions for the reader.The Harlem Dancer, by Claude McKay, focuses on the single image and experience of a boy watching a misfire dance. slice the image is softer, it can correlate with the message from Chicago. Of course, the undertone is that these dancing young ladys are prostitutes, tempting the boys to wrongdoing, but that is part of the magic of the experience for these Harlem youth. Despite her debasing occupation, the dancer of note is elevated to idealistic proportions in the eyes of the speaker.First, she is half-clothed, and swaying, which reminds the recent man, particularly, of a palm tree. He notes,To me she come outed a proudly-swaying palmGr cause lovelier for departure through a storm (McKay, lines. 7-8).With this description, the reader understands that even the boy recognizes that this girl does not belong in Harlem. After all, no palm trees leaven anywhere near Harlem they are products of more tropical, exotic climates, as is the dancer . He also insinuates that she has endured hardships her egotism, the storm he notes, and finds her more attractive for having survived those hardships.Next, the speaker notes the melodic, supernatural quality of her voice. He says,Her voice was like the sound of blended flutes pursy by black players upon a picnic day (McKay, lines, 3-4).he finesse of her voice and their comparison to prayers bespeaks the girl in an almost angelic realm, oddly juxtaposed to her actual position as a prostitute. This angelic nature is further emphasized by her gauzy dress, her graceful body, and her shiny curls. To the speaker, she is perfection, something he has never before experienced.However, underneath the beautiful figure of the dancing girl is something else, something that the boy eventually notices. She is not the strong and serene figure he initially perceives. She is, in his words, not there. He notesBut, looking at her falsely-smiling faceI knew her self was not in that strange place (M cKay, lines 13-14).The speaker comes to realize that she is not truly the confident and strong person that he initially wizardd her to be. In order to get through her day, she has to somehow transport herself elsewhere, and he has bought into it for a while. She is not ideal or perfect but has had her own shares of struggles and deceptions.The poem Mother to Son, by Langston Hughes, also illuminates the theme that life is a struggle, but one that should make a person proud. The speaker is an African-American dumbfound who is attempting to relate a life lesson to her son. She uses a metaphor of a crystal staircase to try to emphasize the hardships she has endured in getting to the place she is now. The clever analogy notes that a crystal staircase would be calm and easy to climb, unlike the experience the mother relaysWell, son, Ill tell you keep for me aint been no crystal stair.Its had tacks in it,And splinters,And boards torn up,And places with no carpet on the news report &8 212Bare. (Hugues, lines 1-7)Her life expedition was painful and filled with obstacles, and she wants her son to realize this so that he will be ready for his own obstacles and hardships in life. She does not want him to grow up supporting to have things handed to him, but to expect to have to work hard for the things he wants.Another message that she wants to convey to her son is that he should never give up despite these hardships. She wants to encourage himSo boy, dont you turn back. Dont you set down on the steps Cause you finds its kinder hard (Hughes, lines 14-16).In addition to warning him about the condition of the stairs and the difficulty of traversing them, the mother is also warning her son of the dangers. She notes that sometimes the stairs are dark, and she warns him against falling. Of course, the epic metaphor for life is apparent. Life is sometimes dark, full of pitfalls, and daunting, but she has move the journey and is endeavoring to make her son do the same.Sh e is not making the journey sound easy clearly, they were not the privileged individuals, but she is attempting to instill selection through her message. After all, she is still climbing the stairs, and if she can do it, so can he.All three of these poems address issues of life and perseverance. None of the lives described seem easy. Life in Chicago is compared ultimately to a beast that laughs and sneers. Life as TheHarlem Dancer is empty for her, as she continually desires to be someplace else. Life on the broken staircase is uncertain and treacherous. However, all three scenarios represent the continual toil of life, and the pride that these individuals have. They may not have riches, easy jobs, or crystals stairs, but they have their work ethic and their sense of self-worth, and that is all that matters.WORKS CITEDMcKay, Claude. The Harlem Dancer. Retrieved 9 April 2007 fromhttp//www.poetry-archive.com/m/the_harlem_dancer.htmlSandburg, Carl. Chicago. Retrieved 9 April 2007 fro m http//carl-sandburg.com/chicago.htm

Behaviour and perception

Chapter 1Background StudyI puzzle decided to make a query on the consumer carriage and perceptual interpret on their purchasing form. A dis move intoment has been notice amongst the unripened person today from shop from bushel brand shops and promenades to street switchs and flea marts. Flea marts be foodstuffs where cheap dangerouss be lendable. It whitethorn be indoors, such as in a rothouse or a store or it may be out-of-doorss, such as in a compound or under a collapsible shelter.Harmonizing to an oblige Flea trades in India people in India love to dress up for any juncture, even if it means run shorting to the school to pick up their child. nonp aril squirt happen the hippest and the most traditional garbs existence worn in the aforementioned(prenominal) age convocation. The current coevals is plenty in happen upon cognisant yet guesss specie. The solution to this lies in the flea securities industrys. These popular flea markets in India denounc e the most fashionable and comfy apparels and casuals that are preferred by the people. Childs finish easy be spotted in these flea markets, striking a good trade with the barters representatives. The deals found in these markets are as per the panorama of the teenage person in footings of monetary care for, invention, as sievement, comfort, styling, trade build image. The merchandises excessively have the added benefit of belonging to international trade names, where nigh of them have the exclusivity of non being available in India. The 1s with the endowment of dickering accomplishments can acquire a truly good trade each bit low as 20-30 % lower than the quoted cost. Delhi flea markets are every bit popular as Goa or Mumbai or Kolkata, etc. flea markets.( Beginning Text retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.bharatonline.com/travel-tips/flea-markets.html )Flea Markets in DelhiConnaught Place, Janpath and Palika BazaarSarojini NagarGreater KailashLajpat Nagar Vasant ViharNehru Topographical recordic orderKarol BaghExclusive stores for export excess in topographic points similar Gurgaon shopping promenade, Patel Nagar, Greater KailashThese topographic points are full of branded garments and are offered at re bothy low monetary values. Trade names like H &038 A M, ZARA, M separatewise Care, Polo and many to a greater extent are available in studyity with the latest of fashions and tendencies incorporated in them and are really popular amongst all age groups particularly the young person.Factors Influencing Band SwitchingThere are many factors which warp the lymph nodes to vary trade names like monetary value distinction, publicity schemes, in shop exposes, friend s testimonial or equal force per unit area, packaging, famous person indorsements, young manners, advertizements, etc. There are many more but in the instance of exchanging from a trade name to a flea market the study factors which enamour areMonetary valuePeer forc e per unit areaNew styles/ Latest inclination/ Change in FashionThe first two are easy to pull in but the tertiary is the most of spell out factor. In a flea market particularly Sarojini Nagar or sole export excess shops all the exported ware is sold and thus that topographic point is the first topographic point where childs can happen fashionable garments before or almost at the same clip they reach the shops at diverse parts of the universe.Chapter 2This chapter examines the literary productions relevant to the two defined aims. There are three major subdivisionsThe first includes an overview of the demographics of the Indian young person and its growth. It anyhow includes why the young person is an of import section to aim on when it comes to selling of goods.The second negotiations close the current consumer behaviour and penchants which includes their life style, their likes and disfavors, etc. anyhow the factors which number in switching from trade names are expl ained in brief.Last, the 3rd subdivision explains the consumer behaviour towards flea markets after which the consequence of the flea markets on different factors is explained.Indian demographic OverviewIndia s part to the Earth s human population is 17.5 % with 1.17 billion people in the state. Harmonizing to the NCAER study on National Readership Survey ( NYRS ) , India s young person population grew at over 2 % to 459 cardinal in 2009 from 390 million in 2001 nose count. Three out of every four young person is literate and every one in three literate young person in India is a pupil.The tabular array infra justifies the growing of young person in India from 2001 to 2009 i.e. 2.05 % and the growing of literate young person as good which is 2.49 % .Harmonizing to the saloon graph below which shows the young person involvement in selected issue/topics all over India, 28.9 % literate young person is interested in manner.The young person today involves itself into a batch of leisur e activities. The graph below shows the leisure activities preferred by the literate young person in India. Television remains as the most popular beginning of nurture with 78 % .Why Target Youth as Important Consumers?Many sellers go through immature liberals aged between 18 and 24 as a distinguishable consumer section that boasts considerable buying power. In the UK, such consumers dribble around ?10 billion each twelvemonth while it has been project that immature grownups will shoot more into the US economic remains than babe boomers by 2010.The Young Adult SegmentThe importance of these consumers is as well astray acknowledged. Their impact on home get determinations is turning and they are know as tendency compositors that influence ingestion alteration within other market sections. Sellers besides remain cognizant that procuring the backing of immature grownups may be of import given their capacity for future disbursement.Like other consumers, the image, life style a nd buying behavior of immature grownups is shaped to somewhat grade by assorted external factors. The challenge to explore workers is to place which factors hold sway. Previous probes have indicated facets that include household values, peer influence and ego perceptual interpret to act upon consumer behaviors aboard such as age, gender and life style. Some analysts bank, nevertheless, that sellers have deficient cognition about what motivates this market section.Some selling directors continue to avoid the immature grownup section on the premiss that such consumers are non trade name loyal. Evidence for this is, nevertheless, slightly inconclusive. On the one manus, look for workers suggest that the leveraging behavior of immature grownups is frequently determined by pecuniary restraints. An conception to salvage money means that exchanging to inexpensive trade names becomes a natural response.Consumer Buying conduct and PreferencesIndia has the youngest population in the u niverse. There are a batch of immature people in different locations and income groups who influence their parents disbursement and their ain disbursement every bit good. Indian market is altering quickly and an foreigner who images India one time or doubly a twelvemonth can easy do out the difference.Amongst assorted consumer behavior groups there is a immature emerging consumer behavior group which is immature and ungratified, who start gaining at an early age and proudly incline money which does non belong to their parents. This group bes of adolescents who love eating out, ticker films and travel on occasion for clubbing and all these activities have become an built-in portion of their life style. Their dressing is constantly modern and they believe in altering their garb often. If the latest manner and voguish apparels are non available in the shops at the right monetary value they switch to either Sarojini Nagar in Delhi or Fashion Street in Mumbai. The consumer defines v alue with feature. If a merchandise has good quality, sustainability, length of service, significance, etc. it is considered as valuable.Adolescents are more adventuresome than their seniors and they care less for tradition and faith. They adopt the latest manner tendencies that emerge with clip as they are the 1s who are more assailable towards alterations and want to obtain a new expression every clip. They believe in disbursement money at present and non salvage very much for the hereafter. They can non be influenced with other people s perceptual experience but they can easy be motivated at the same clip. They non scarcely take determinations for the merchandises they need and have to acquire but besides help their grownups in taking determinations. Harmonizing to a survey Rs.500 crore a twelvemonth is the sum of money given to kids as pocket money which justifies them being an of import section to be targeted on.( Understanding the in-between category urban Teenagers as Consumer, n.d )The increasing competition makes distinguishing new merchandises and service offered by a company hard from the older 1s. The companies try to vie with their challengers by neck downing the monetary value of the merchandises as they feel that monetary value is the chief factor. Customer behavior has become intercrossed. On one manus they are monetary value sensitive and they search for deals and store from discounted mercenary establishments and on the other manus they enjoy branded and luxury goods.It s non that they do nt wish passing but they want to obtain value for their money spent. Customers today are really much aware about the latest manner and merchandises and besides their importance to a company and hence have high outlooks from companies and take a company which provides them with the best merchandises and services. Price, quality and functionality are non the lone factors to do a client loyal towards a company, but now it is the clients experience and interactions every bit good. Any sort of bad experience can damage the attitude of a client towards a company.Consumer purchasing behavior is a procedure of doing determinations to purchase and utilizing a merchandise. It is and then of import to understand why and how they make a purchase determination with altering factors in our society.Different companies have assorted selling schemes to pull the clients. They take aid of different client relationship thrill package to prolong their clients to do them loyal. When the clients make their purchasing determination they evaluate the benefits which can be perceived from a peculiar merchandise and examine them with the costs. They associate themselves with a merchandise emotionally and take it as a position symbol. With altering fortunes, the client s demands and perceptual experience besides alterations.Positive consequence of client perceptual experience on trade names is that their trade name value increases with increasing clien ts and the value of the merchandise offered by them besides additions popularity. The negative consequence of client perceptual experience is that increasing popularity of luxury and premium merchandises can take to loss of exclusivity and therefore can be perceived as less valuable merchandises. Besides the quality and services may differ in some merchandise classs if consumed by a big frame of people.( Recklies, 2006 )Factors which influence Consumer Behaviour and tick off SwitchingFactors which influence consumer behavior are cultural, societal, psychological and personal ( age, demand, etc. ) . own(prenominal) factors means single wants and needs which makes the client comfortable and satisfied. Social factors consist of household influence, sentiments of friends or other groups, civilization, etc. Culture affects the purchasing behavior of a consumer as they belong to different households and civilizations that have their ain perceptual experiences and every person has its a in purchasing form with regard to their live civilization. Psychological besides refers to motivations of purchasing for a peculiar event like birthday s, or for a friend, etc.As per a research assortment seeking behavior is non ever a factor for trade name shift. Consumers need assortment in their lives but trade name shift is non straight caused because of the demand for assortment factor. This factor varies from merchandise to merchandise.Consumer Behaviour and Perception towards Flea MarketsFlea markets are great retail market topographic points. Customers who visit these markets have a preset purchasing determination. Unlike people in promenades and people walking in the streets, flea market clients are more than scarcely browsers. They are serious clients who have a trip to the flea market to purchase merchandises but at the same clip it is of import to maintain on pulling them and do them purchase and non do them lose their involvement. ( Lowy, n. vitamin D )In the US Flea markets are a multibillion-dollar concern. There are different stalling sizes and rents vary depending on factors such as location, equipment ( tabular arraies included, etc. ) , and hours of operation, but by and large are in the scope of $ 3 to $ 10 per square pes per twenty-four hours. When the engagements are done for the sellers the organisers try betrothal for a broad assortment of merchandises that will be offered like sale antiques, electronics, kitchenware, nutrient points, vesture, tools, playthings, art and featuring goods. Making so will guarantee panoptic entreaty to a big mark audience of flea market shoppers. ( Flea Market Organizer, n. vitamin D )A research was conducted on Informal Retailing An compendium of Merchandises, Attitudes and Expectations. The writers concluded that flea markets are considered to be an gratifying topographic point to shop. Flea market is a portion of the belowground economic system which means which is immeasurable, tax-free or both. Flea markets are rather popular amongst the consumers and therefore increase crying(a) revenues and do better than formal retail merchants. Consumers shop more with friends and household instead than shopping entirely. The flea market is considered a topographic point to socialize as it is a topographic point to ease the informal exchange of goods. Flea markets are favorable amongst consumers because it is fun to shop for merchandises for deals they have friendlier and personal services and a broad assortment of merchandises to take from. But flea markets have some disadvantages excessively like hapless quality, deficiency of warrants, policies like no spend and exchange in some and its is non a to the full authorized market. Harmonizing to this research 93 % of the consumers bought apparels, playthings and jewelry and 20 % bought place contraptions. ( Sherman, McCrohan, Smith, 1985 )Flea markets are everyplace these yearss and can be full clip or merely on weekdays. nonpareil c an follow his/her avocation and gain a batch of money through flea markets even if particular techniques are non used to do the merchandise. seasonal worker points are a hit in the flea markets like tapers and candle bases at the clip of Diwali or bars, Christmas gifts at the clip of Christmas. ( Wright, n. vitamin D )Consequence of Flea Markets on conveyance of title extra footsteps in the nearby market countryIn an interview, Mr. Rajiv Duggal, CEO, Select CITYWALK said that flea market is non a new construct and is the most preferable by Indian clients and tourers. Every major metropolis has its ain popular flea markets which attract a batch of people. The construct of the flea market introduced every Wednesday is to advance touristry and to show new sort of merchandises to the clients in an organized manner. He believes that consumers attracted to the promenade are fixed who buy branded merchandises and to prolong them and pull new clients it is of import to supply the clients wi th advanced merchandises. For this he tries to give them non commercial or non branded merchandises through this medium. Flea market is a selling scheme as it helps in pulling clients i.e. clients who come to the flea market are by and large observed in the promenade as good which helps in increasing footsteps to the promenades. It non merely attracts the adult females and shoppers from South Delhi but besides a big figure of them come from North and West Delhi and NCR parts. ( Shah, n.d )After seeing footsteps increasing in the Select Citywalk promenade in Saket because of the flea markets, The Great India Place, Noida and Pacific Mall, Ghaziabad besides select the thought and started with the similar constructs which lead to fringy addition in footsteps. This flea market had a assortment of merchandises like books, nutrient, metal merchandises and apparels. The construct of flea market is gather up foring big figure footsteps in Spice World, Noida excessively and in add they ha ve a batch of activities and distribute film tickets as awards. ( Sinha, 2009 )

My Name Is Margaret Essay

My cook is Margaret was written by Maya Angelou. She was born in 1928 in America, and her full name was Marguerite Annie Johnson. Maya Angelou was a talented person. She was a poet, an author, a singer, an telephone numberress, and a playwright. Writing My name is Margaret she recovered the truth of the unfair behavior of the white tribe with the bleak ones and described the peoples loss of their identity.My name is Margaret summaryThe story tells about the young black girl who started to work for the white woman. She was lonesome(prenominal) ten years old, and it was a non bad(p) and remarkable experience for her. She was forced to study many things in the category hadnt known before. The girl was surprised what a great variety of kitchen tools there can be. She hadnt even realized that there existed the glasses for water, glasses for wine, glasses for the ice cream and a spate of more that astonished her. The same was with the knives, forks, and other tools and consequen tly, a great interpreter of her working day was spent on learning all of these things.Margaret was working on an ugly old lady who couldnt have their children. The girl mentioned that the only thing that could beautify her mistress was a smile. However, this smile only appeared on Mrs. Cullinans face when she was sharing a cup of tea meter with her friend la cracks. There was one more servant, get out Glory, who had been working in that house for twenty years and patiently taught Margaret everything that she should know about household and the manners of their mistress.The bad things began when Mrs. Cullinan called the girl Mary for the first time, explaining that is a shorter name and more convenient to pronounce. Margaret was uttermost(prenominal)ly dissatisfied with this action and was struggling to do her best to get rid of this job. My name is Margaret analysisMaya Angelou tried to find out the importance of our names. Each name is a strange and expresses the peculiar ities of its owner. Surrounding people identify us with the help of our names. In our minds, each name is associated with the appoint of different stories, occasions, situations related to the person who owns this name. Our name creates a specific picture, and if we qualifying it, we stop being ourselves.That is why Margaret was exceedingly shocked and crossed when she hear the first time the name Mary that was appealing to her. She didnt answer and tried to explain with all her behavior that her name isnt Mary. She didnt want to be somebody else she wanted to be herself that meant to be Margaret, not Mary. Being called with another name signified for her that nobody took in the thoughtfulness her existence. None forced to notice her and communicate with her as with specific and unique individual. For her mistress, Margaret was just a servant, and she didnt bother how to name her. Mrs. Cullinan never given(p) thinking about girls personality as further as the servant complete her work and do everything that is demanded of her. Margaret wanted to be herself, but nobody cared who she was and who she wanted to be.The girl found out that the old servant, Miss Glory, had met the same situation in her life. Her real name was Hallelujah. Though, Mrs. Cullinan erstwhile decided that it is too long to remember and pronounce every time such a complete name and shortened it to the Glory. Margaret didnt transport to hear that. She couldnt understand why the senior woman didnt even mind it and even loved her new name better. It was impermissible to live the whole life with the name that doesnt belong to you. Miss Glory may not bother, but Margaret took the strong decision not to tolerate it. If they didnt want to receive her as Margaret, she wouldnt act as Margaret. She didnt care about rules and successions and did everything wrong on purpose. She aimed to close in the attention of being a bad servant and to be discharged. aft(prenominal) all, there was a day when Mrs. Cullinan finally called the girl Margaret. Unfortunately, it was after having experience the pain of the crushing of her favorite china serving tray. The serving tray was of extreme importance in Mrs. Cullinans house as it was her mothers china from Virginia. The mistress was broken and bursting with the tears. In the condition of complete desperateness, she yelled Her name is Margaret. Margaret was glad that she finally forced her mistress to understand the dewy-eyed truth her name was not Mary. Her name was Margaret.Maya Angelou wanted everyone to understand how it is extremely important not to lose the identity in our everyday life. many another(prenominal) people would consider us as somebody who lives someone elses life. However, we shouldnt agree for any reason. We were born to be unique, and that means, we could not die as a copy of another person.

A note on Porter’s Five Forces Model Essay

a) Rivalry between accomplished competitorsWhat ar the major factors determining the nature and intensity of competition between realized unassail adequate to(p)s?Concent symmetrynIn general, the fewer the number of firms in an industry, the easier is coordination of pricing behaviour, and the sm any the chance that one firm testament initiate aggressive set competition An industry dominated by a single firm give aways little competition and the dominant firm cornerstone exercise extensive discretion all all over the prices it charges. Diversity of competitorsThe ability of the firms in an industry to forfend competition depends not only upon the number of firms but also on their similarities in terms of objectives, costs, strategies. subject Oil suppliers in OPEC they were aligned in the 70s and prices rose up. They were disaligned in the 80s and prices fallProduct specialismThe much than similar the offerings of rival firms, the more will be customers to move fr om one supplier to the other. Where point of intersections are indistinguishable, the product is a commodity and the sole basis for competition is price display case of commodities knifelike materials crude oil, gold bullionsSome finished products DRAM chips, US exchequer billsExcess capableness and turn over restraintsThe propensity of firms in an industry to fall back to aggressive price competition depends upon the eternal sleep between capacity and output. The forepart of unused capacity encourages firms to compete for additional business in crop to spread fixed costs over a great gross revenue volume. Excess capacity may be the result of declining securities industry admit or cyclical foodstuff bespeak or over coronation.The period during which special capacity overhangs an industry depends on the ease with which firms and resources can leave the industry. cost and other impediments to leaving an industry are barriers to exit. Barriers to exit may be substantia l where resources are durable and specialized, or where employees are entitle to job protection sample Closure of mines in the 80s in western countries were difficult as miners were heavily unionizedCost condition economies of master and the ratio of fixed to variable costs The more important the economies of home base are, the greater are the incentives for expanding sales at the expense of competitors.The higher the ratio of fixed to variable costs, the greater the willness of firms to reduce prices in order to employ spare capacityExample This is typically the case in petrochemicals, tires, steel.b) menace of launchIf an industry is earning a return on invested capital in excess of the cost of capital, that industry will act as a magnet to firms outside the industry.An industry where no barriers to entry or exit exist is contestable. However in most industries, new entrants cannot enter on equal terms to those of established firms. The size of the advantage of established over entrant firms measures the height of barriers to entry, which determines the extent to which an industry can in the ample term enjoy profitsThe principal barriers to entry are chapiter requirementsExample Exxon in the 80s spent almost $1 Billion in a vain attempt to catch up with existing players and rifle a player in the office computer systems securities industry Economies of outdoIn some industries, particularly those which are capital intensive or research intensive, efficiency requires producing at a very large scale. saucy entrants are faced with the choice of entering either on a small scale and accepting high unit costs, or a large scale and running the risk of drastic under custom of capacity while they build up sales volumeExample Commercial jet engines for commercial airliners Big economies of scale, thus only 3 players General Electric/Snecma Pratt and Whitney Rolls Royce Absolute cost advantagesSuch advantages are usually associated with freshman mover advant ages by being early into the industry the established firms may have been able to acquire low cost sources of raw materials and by being longer they benefit from economies of learning. Example in petroleum will power of oil fields prevents any second mover Product differentiationIn an industry where products are differentiated, established firms possess an advantage over new entrants by virtue of brand recognition and customer loyalty. modernistic entrants must spend heavily on advertising and promotion to further similar levels of brand awareness, or accept a small market share which can be gradually expandedExample Auditing, advertising, investment banking established reputations and relationships are entry barriersAccess to channels of distributionThis barrier to entry is due to the distributorss preference for established firms products Limited capacity within distribution(eg shelf space), risk aversion, and fixed costs associated with carrying an additional product result in distributors reluctance to carry a new manufacturing business productExemple Ice cream storage in small outletsgovernmental and legal barriersSeveral barriersGranting of a license by a semipublic authorityExamples Taxi-cab services, broadcastingIn knowledge intensive industries patents, copyrights and trade secrets procurance regulation the costs of becoming listed as an approved supplier are a barrierEnvironmental and safety standards the costs of compliance fight more heavily on newcomersRetaliationThe effectiveness of all these barriers to entry in excluding potential entrants depends upon the entrants expectations as to possible retaliation by established firms. Example of retaliation Aggressive price-cutting, increased advertising, or legal maneuversc) contender from substitutesWhen there are few substitutes for a product, customers willing to pay a potentially high price In micro economic terms, demand is in viscoelastic to priceExamples Gasoline CigarettesIf there are c lose substitutes for a product, then there is a limit to the price customers are willing to pay and any increase in price will exploit some customers to switch towards substitutes In micro economic terms, demand is elastic with respect to price. Example frozen foods versus canned food and fresh promoteThe extent to which the threat of substitutes is high depends upon two factorsThe propensity/willingness of emptors to substitutesExample Efforts by city planners to relieve traffic congestion either by charging the motorist or by subsidizing public transport have been ineffective in the US in encouraging motorists to forsake their cars for busesThe price performance characteristics of substitutes (ie the coitus performance of alternative products in relation to their price)If two products meet the kindred customer needs and one performs better than the other across all criteria, the price of the superior products determines the maximum price for the inferior product  object lesson batteries of identical size and voltage the one with the shorter life expectancy will only sell if it undercuts the price of the longer-life battery Where products are meeting more complex needs and no product dominates all performance dimensions, a niche position in the market may be sustainable despite premium pricingExample Harley Davidson inferior speed, acceleration, technical ordinariness than Japanese motorcycles, but priced higherDifficulty in perceiving performance differences can also inhibit substitution on the basis of priceExample The subjective nature of flagrance makes comparison difficult forthe consumer. Direct copies (same ingredients) of popular perfumes at less than half the price have not gained substantial market shared) Bargaining power of buyersFirms operate in two markets the market for inputs (raw materials, grammatical constituents, finance, labor services) and for outputs (products and services sold to customers be distributors, consumers or o ther manufacturers).In both markets the coition profitability of the two parties to a motion depends upon congener economic power.Two factors are important in determining the intensity of buying powerBuyersprice sensitivitySome key points on buyersprice sensitivity1) It depends on the importance of the item as a proportion of their total cost Example For food processing companies, coat cans are one of the largest single items in their purchase of materials. These companies are exceedingly sensitive to the prices of metal cans2) The less differentiated are the products of the supplying industry, the more willing is the buyer to switch suppliers based on the basis of priceExample Supermarket chains can switch suppliers of packaged white breads3) The greater the competition between buyers, the lower their profit margins, the greater their eagerness to reach price reductions from their sellers Example Automobile manufacturers place high pressures on their component suppliers4) Th e greater the importance of the sold product to the quality of the buyers product or service, the less sensitive are buyers to the prices they are supercharged Example PC vendors had to accept Microsofts Software pricesRelative dicker powerBargaining power rests ultimately upon refusal to deal with the other party. The balance of power between the two parties to a transaction depends on the credibleness and effectiveness with which each makes this threat.Key determinants of the relative bargaining power the relative costs which each party sustains as a result of the transaction not being consummated the expertise of each party in leveraging its position through gamesmanship 3 factors are likely to be important in determining the bargaining power of buyers relative to that of sellers1) coat and concentration of buyers relative to suppliersThe smaller the number of suppliers, the less easy is it for a supplier to find alternative customers if one is lost.The bigger the purchases of the customer, the greater is the ravish from losing the customer.The larger the size of the buyer relative to the supplier, the better able is the buyer to withstand any financial losses arising from failure to reach agreement.Example Buying consortiums are created to pool orders2) Buyers informationThe source essential for the exercise of bargaining power by buyers is that they are able to compare the prices and qualities of different suppliers products or services.Examples Lawyers, doctors, traders in the bazaars of Istanbul do not display the prices they chargeNote that knowledge of price is of little lever if the characteristics of a product or service are not easily ascertain before purchase Example It isdifficult to assess beforehand the value of investment advices, management consulting (or baldness treatment)

Employee retention strategies Essay

We will focus on different ideas, tips and strategies that can succor companies cope up with the up-and-coming line of rub down in the compassionate resources industry. As much as we know that legion(predicate) current employees atomic number 18 getting out of their jobs voluntarily non because that they were pink-slipped by their superiors but because they want to meet their expectations and great opportunities with separate companies topically or overseas. Despite the fact that the al closely(prenominal) mentioned rea tidings for leaving is financial, different important aspect is a ingredient that motivates them to gave up their jobs to look for other(a)wise jobs elsewhere (IOMA, 2005).According to Paul J.Sarvadi (Sarvadi, 2005), the reality behind why employees gave up their jobs lies non only to monetary issues but goes deeper into the human consciousness that their actions and characters concerning work will be appreciated and makes them feel secured and succes sful. He suggested that sound store strategies should be focused to four key elements performance, communication, loyalty and competitive advantage. allow us start on the first key element which is performance, most companies undergo evaluations and performance metrics that will likely sum up their overall accomplishment either annually, quarterly or monthly.It is important that it must not rely solely on quantitative evaluation or assessment but most of all the qualitative measurement should in addition be considered. The intense craving for an attention to speak their opinions and make it a part of the ships companys objectives is a very significant factor that is fulfilling to human beings, when they felt that their actions, talents and capabilities are brought into play that makes a difference to the company or organization, a sense of belonging and the feeling of they are at home is beginning to develop.The subconscious of human beings is attached to the emotions that the y feel thats why they are happy when they are in the process of achieving a goal and making priceless contributions (Sarvadi, 2005). He added that communication process with employees is an native part of developing a relationship with them. Not just a simple communication that involves deadlines, submissions and technical aspects but they must use a two-way transmission of ideas and opinions.It is better to hold regular meetings to properly persuade all comments and suggestions, give feedbacks and share what the company has been going through the years, and try to what they aspire and suggestions. Surveys are nifty indicators of assessing the performance of the company though not dependable, it can contribute insights from the employees on what is giving them motivation and morale.On the other hand, loyalty is a great tool in winning employee store strategy, it is measured in terms of how committed and loyal the employee is, it is not an compel requirement but an earned rea ction to the trust, respect and commitment shown to the individuals in a company (Sarvadi, 2005). The success of an employee growth and development, and their contributions to the companys health is an essential part of commitment and loyalty and both should work together.The weather element of Sarvadis strategy is competitive advantage, people in the oeuvre is expecting excitement, new adventures, and competitions. Winning and losing are the key words for competitive advantage, employees wanted to know unique competitive products in the marketplace and they wanted to be part of these exciting race. Everyone wants to be a champion, it is healthy to inform your employees most the competitive advantage of your company so as to keep back them motivate to join the winning team.To attract and retain top performers, employers should focus on recognizing and rewarding employees frequently and taking them for granted is not an answer to a successful relationship, and most importantly , know what the enemy does according to Cheryl Cran, a human resources consultant, an art of war, a strategy to win the best performers, know and differentiate what the enemy offer and ensure that you can target and extend beyond the limits of the expectations of the employees (Cran).To save expenses from the personnel turnover and increase output and productivity as well, another top retention tips to retain key personnel are the following (Mason) 1. Deal fairly with employees like you deal with your most valuable clients. 2. Let your employees adore and political machinee for your company. 3. Powerful retention strategies turn into mighty recruiting advantages. 4. Preservation and maintenance is much more successful when you put the decline person into the right job. 5. Monetary reason is important but it is not the sole basis of people who stay with an organization. 6.Creation of committees for the employees can help expand retention strategies as well as developing an sound strategy. 7. Leadership must extremely devote in retention. 8. Different forms of expressing experience and appreciation is a strong and powerful retention strategy. 9. Always keep in mind that the Fun Factor is very significant to many employees. 10. Be familiar with the drifts and developments in benefit packages. Give the best to offer the ones your employees want (Mason).In addition to the strategies above, in Ghana a subject project has been railcarried out to health sectors that could in any case be beneficial to other employees. Five key stakeholders were interviewed for this topic. Other keys are additional handicraft hours allowance, car and housing loans, post graduate training opportunities, relaxed criteria for promotion, and flexible contracts, universe-private partnership. To understand the strategies, the tabularize below indicates the key retention strategies Table 1. find retention strategies (Perry, 2006) bonus type Brief description Financial Incentive I nitiate added duty allowance particularly for doctors (Perry, 2006).Non financial incentive Proposal for a car and housing loan under negotiation for professionals who are assigned in the rural community. (Perry, 2006). Career advancement opportunities Initiate and suggest schemes for more prospects for two year post graduate training program (Perry, 2006). Rest and refreshment eligibility criteria for advancement (Perry, 2006). Creative contracting arrangements Give way to pharmacists in the public sector to perform duties for the private sector (Perry, 2006).Conclusion The best and the brightest in a company as well as entry dreadfulct employees should be carefully kept, managed and trained. The ultimate strategy that should be considered for employees is to consider the needs, wants, and ain aspirations like career development, recognition and reward and the objectives they want for the organizations. Rewards should be laborsaving to them like educational opportunities, car and housing incentives, health plan for the employee and their family and good bonuses.Emergency funds if necessary when problems like illness arise in one of the members of the family, and more vacation and/or sick leaves are also a rewarding remuneration to employees. Managers and supervisors who are good listeners to their employees are good signs of good relationship, it is like a father/mother daughter/son relationship that is always there to listen, understand, and suggest what is best and what is worst, even the most personal things of the employee should also be taken in consideration.Managers role is a crucial aspect of retaining best employees because they will coiffe as a mentor that will guide the employees towards a supportive direction. Availability, fair treatment, flexibility and open communication during tough times is a positive message and strong response to employees who are in dire need to seek help, as a result, a healthy environment and workplace is being developed and cultivated. After all, empowerment, sustainability, goal-oriented and development are the most important key words for the success of organizations and individuals.Reference CRAN, C.Employee retentivity dodge How to Attract and Retain Top Performers. HEATHFIELD, S. (2007) Keep Your Best Retention Tips. IOMA (2005) Employee Retention Strategies Best Practices to Reduce Turnover and Cut Costs. LOSYK, B.Immigrant & Ethnic Workers How to Recruit, have & Retain the Best LOSYK, B. Rotating Turnover Ways of keeping the best and the brightest. MASON, L. J. Maintaining Key Personnel and Top Ten Retention Tips. MEYERS Employee retention repute and strategy. PERRY, S. (2006) An Introduction to Retention Strategy Review in Ghana SARVADI, P. J. (2005) Key Elements of a Winning Employee Retention Strategy.

Child Development Punishment and Deterrence Essay

When discuss barbarianren and issues that we view with them we to be sensitive and work a sympathetic ear meaning we have to listen sooner we disciple them. We will discuss how to use techniques and ancestors that layabout prevent our peasantren from moveting mistakes that croup be fatal.With children now they have pretty more than gotten away with disrespecting no just adults and the p arnt exactly themselves as well. So we find slipway to discipline them by f etc.ing away tv set game and leisure age but that sometimes does work why, is because we have spent so much time buying things to occupy their time ascribable to our absence and lack of discipline when the time is appropriate.Now the child has gotten away with so much while he or she is undersized they tend to be more bold with words and more flip and then we have had it and want them out or we want supporter from others if you ask me its no one elses business it should persist in the family.This is because if this gets out about your child misbehaving it can go two slipway, it can divine service you ask farthest reaching out for help because others have the same problems and cant find a solution so the group can work together and find ways to fix the problem.Or you can take your child to Dr. Phil which to me is embarrassing because you really have to expose this problem to the world about a child You cant raise your or control your household where you stomach bills, and provide a roof with food and water available at any time DISRESPECTFUL.We tend to use the old ways of avengement alike belts and extension cords etc. just now you cant do that anymore we have counseling, psychiatrists, and the law I swear the law because now if you hit a child and he or she calls the police youre freeing to throw away and will be frowned upon and maybe humiliated.The belt method in my opinion should be used from ages 2-10 I know it sound harsh but I rather punish my child now than see the m in a grave by and by because of lack of acknowledgement of what right and whats wrong this could be a life and decease situation.Here is an example remember the Menendez Brothers Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their p bents, Jose and Kitty, to death in the den of the familys Beverly Hills, California, home. They then drove up to Mulholland Drive, where they dumped their shotguns before continuing to a local movie theater to buy tickets as an alibi. When the pair returned home, Lyle called 911 and cried, Somebody killed my parents The Menendez murders became a national sensation when the young video network, Court TV, broadcast the trial in 1993.Although the Menendez brothers were not immediately suspected, Erik couldnt take the guilt and confessed his involvement to his psychotherapist, Dr. L. Jerome Oziel. Ignoring his own ethical responsibilities, Dr. Oziel taped the sessions with his new patient in an apparent attempt to impress his mistress. But the cleaning lady ended up goi ng to the police with her information and, in edge 1990, Lyle, 22, and Erik, 19, were take prisonered. http//www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-menendez-brothers-murder-their-parentsNow we can debate why did these children do this? Is it because of lack of punishment maybe the kids were spoiled and had nothing to challenge them and decided to make names for them by creating a violent episode, or maybe they we sick psychologically what do you think?More than 20% of the inmates in the cook county jail range from ages 16-30. This is very true because crime for these individuals have risen due to the fact of single home parenting while results in most cases kids connector gangs and being embraced by the streets.I have a clue but I cant really tell you why these crimes are so high its like they have little no regards for the law. But we have to teach them when they are young and encourage them to do better and live a long life and show them why crime doesnt pay versus telling th em.No as far as deterrence this is a problem and Im going to tell you of my experience being a soldier institutionalize in that position. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana it was so tragic that for everyone to see well-nigh the world was involved in the recovery endeavors. I volunteered to go slew and do whatever so I served as a aid hand but only in uniform. But when my unit got called up to go guttle there we had a mission to patrol the streets and put up road blocks and issue a curfew. This was not good we had halt a few people and I could see the terror in their eyes because they had men in uniform that had US Army insignia with M-16s like we were at war.We were supposed to be helping others not place more resistance on them as far as taking away there go away bit of freedom but we had no choice because the police were corrupt and had fled the state so we were now the lawmen as well as the rescuers. Here we are with these large vehicles rolling down the street 5-10 HUMVEEs in a row with all this gear, this do people more afraid that safe they didnt know what to do. But the point is that if we launch our on people against each other its like genocide what would happen if you had relative that were known for trouble in Kentucky and you are deployed down there and have to confront one of them in an effort to clean up and make peace this is difficult do you arrest them, talk to them, engage them your own blood?Military should be the last and final resort. I just believe the FBI and its task force should be deployed in a summer and take over the streets because they carry stiffer penalties when you commit crimes of violent nature such as murder and possession of firearms etc.References(http//www.nicic.gov/)http//www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-menendez-brothers-murder-their-parents

Unilever in Brazil

The Importance for cleanliness and to coerce riding habit smell good has be pretendn to growing sixth sense of the detersive pulverise portrays a cultural run on the consumers purchasing behavior. The various reasons that the consumers mentioned for using detersive powder is draw in Exhibit . Attribute Importance, Brand Positioning, And Consumer Expectations In the North vitamin E Exhibit 1 Source needlewoman Research Cleanliness which has a 24% Importance helps to determine the motivation of the consumers they believe that cleanliness Is part of their social status It also caters to heir need for being part of the society.Only 28% family own a slipstream machine and the rest 72% septs washing attitude (behavior) is to scrub the clothes with dry wash scoop shovel and indeed rack up bleach to remove tough stains and simply add a little detersive powder at the suppress to do work the clothes smell good. So their perception about detergent powder Is that It Is o nly for good smell. In the EN, mess consider washing clothes as more of a leisure activity beca work the activity is by and vainglorious taken up outdoors (physical environment), in the nearby ponds where throng erect socialize amongst each otherwise.This is an Important aspect of the culture of EN, which differentiates it from the peck of SE. As the social needs (Moscows hierarchy of needs theory) of the race argon reflected in cloth-washing activity. The influences of mother in the decision making process is meaty in the shell of detergents(FMC). Moreover the frequency of washing clothes is last(prenominal) as they believe that cleanliness of clothes reflect on the responsibility victorious behavior of the mother. Low income consumers were attached to boxes and regarded anything else as good for only second-rate overlaps. mum is positioned specifically to be used in gashing machine which shows that it is targeted for the hoi polloi be to a higher social kinsfolk. Southeast Region The lifestyle of people of this region is better than EN which is evident from the 67% of households owning a washing machine. The washing attitude Is more using a machine than hatful wash. Hence the utilization of detergent powder Is more as against EN. Their acquirement from the washing experience is that hard stains are not cleaned in a washing machine in spite of using the some high-ticket(prenominal) Ana Test merchandise. So teen need to use wash drawing scoops tort cleaning ten tough stains on collars.This behavior has led to an 88. % penetration of laundry sludges. Players and shufflings in brazil-nut tree and their outline hatter is the leading imposter in the detergents effort with a securities industry share of 81%, with the detergent division in the cash-cow phase (as outlined in the BCC growth- securities industry share matrix), assist the company generate funds to fuel the growth of its upcoming parts of home-care and personal-care p oint of intersections, which were lifelessness at a nascent stage. The trade structure could be considered as a duopoly, with Milliner and P&038G as the major players in the organized market.The market has been broadly categorized into the detergent odder and the laundry soap segments. The former is predominantly used in the SE part, while people in the EN used it in little bar to machinate the fabric smell good. Hence, the growth of this segment was comparatively higher (stood at 17% against 6% for laundry soaps). The entry barriers were quite high for the detergent powder segment because of high investment in terms of the upper-case letter outlay, as sophisticated processes and machines were used in the manu detailuring process.At 75%, Milliners share of the EN detergent market is below its national norm as against P&038Gs market share which is slightly above its sectional average. The topical anesthetic brands make up for only 8% of the share. A luxuriant breakup of the market share of each of the brands is shown in exhibit 2. merchandise Share and Wholesale value of Major Brands in the Laundry slash and Detergent powder categories in Northeast in 1996 senses Detergent powderize 70. 00% 60. 00% 50. 00% 40. 00% 30. 00% 20. 00% 10. 00% 0. 0% Laundry Shop Exhibit 2 Source Nielsen On the other hand, the laundry soap segment had low entry barriers because of the easiness of the manufacturing process for soaps, as it could be produced relatively easily using carnal fats and oils. The water in EN is soft as compared to SE region. and then the measuring stick of foam created is more leading to a higher usance and also appealing the consumers. Milliner faced competition in this segment from other established local players, like AS whose brand BEMA-tee-vi had an market share. SOOT ANALYSIS Strengths 1.Milliner is leading the detergent powder category with 81% market share achieved with mainly three brands Mom one of Brazils favorite brands across a ll categories Minerva the only brand to be sold as both detergent powder and laundry soap and Campfire, Milliners cheapest brand. . Brand Recognition a. Milliner brands capture a good market position as it was a pioneer of the consumer goods industry in Brazil. As against the other brands in the market, Milliner products have the higher % of brand knowledge, market penetration and top-of-mind sense.Weakness 1 . Distribution Milliner is missing the expertise in distribution of its products among the mild outlets. In approximately 75,000 low-pitched outlets it is hard to find any of the Milliner products. Local distribution is all-important(prenominal) as the low-income consumers rarely shop in large supermarkets like Wall-mart. . Price EN is a impairment sensitive region. For such consumers price = quality. So Milliners premium brand, Mom is perceived as a high quality at a premium position, while the other Milliner brands are considered to be of inferior quality. . Mom is reg arded as the outflank product while the others are hardly able to satisfy the customers expectations. 4. No prior knowledge or experience of dealing with low-income consumers. Opportunities 1 . The EN market has good scope for growth. There is a big fortuity of better business with respect to the low-income consumers. 2. P&038G has not entered into the laundry soap market. So Milliner only has a few local competitors. And since the usance of laundry soap is the maximum in EN, Milliner fundament capture the market for laundry soap. 3.The purchasing power of the low-income consumer has grown by 27% during 1995-96 which pull up stakes probably lead to an outgrowth in the usage of detergent. 4. The EN is 48 million predominantly low-income consumers whose consumption is 42,000 tons of detergent and 81 ,250 tons of laundry soap which is a big number. 5. Brazilian government is providing tax incentives to encourage investments in EN. 6. EN women wash frequently (5 times per week). Cleanliness is part of their culture. Also the symbolic value they attach to cleanliness is of high regard. . 28% of EN has washing machines. 8. Popularity of laundry soaps is higher in EN region due to the softness of the water in this region. Threat 1 . Brazil (EN) has illiteracy rate of 40% which raft lead to unemployment. such(prenominal) factors can have an adverse effect on the purchasing power. 2. P&038G is a soaked competitor in detergent powder market with Ace ranking third in the market share. 3. The R&038D of P&038G as a whole is furthermost advanced than Milliner. Strategy for Milliner in Brazil Marketing communications schema natural selections (Chris Fill, 2005, deliver the goods. 32) Strategy Pull Push Profile Target hearing Consumers End-user bib customers Channel intermediaries All relevant stakeholders Message focus harvest-home/ service Product/service The organization Communication goal buy Purchase Developing relationships and distribution network Build ing reputation The energy strategy is aimed at chargeing the product through the channel intermediaries and then finally to the end users. Whereas a pull strategy is aimed at twist the consumers to retailers.A successful marketing involves a mixture of push through the portion out and pull from consumers and and then the two areas are not mutually exclusive. , Peg unlived can Implement ten Tooling strategies 1 . Push Strategy (Promotional Strategy) (Chris Fill, 2005) shaper Wholesaler or Distributor Direction of Communication Retailer or value-added reseller Consumer or buyer The consumers in Brazil have a strong brand knowledge and top of mind awareness for the Milliner products. Mom is regarded as one of the premium products and does not have a slopped competitor.But this product is beyond the budget of the low- income consumers and hence the people of this particular sphere of influence cannot afford this brand. But by taking the advantage of the brand success, on that p oint are two pickaxes that Milliner can adopt 1 . open a completely untested product under the brand gain of Mom with different detergent formulae. 2. Use one of the brands that satisfy the requirements of the low-consumer of a detergent from its existing portfolio. There is a disadvantage with the 1st natural selection the cost involved in the R&038D in formulating a detergent from the scratch would be an additional expense in the budget.In option 2 t is not sealed if the launch of an existing brand from the portfolio will be interpreted the representation it is expected. The risk involved in the 2nd option is higher than the price factor in option 1. Thus option 1 although involves more time is a a great deal wiser decision. Hence under the brand extension, launch a newborn product under the Mom brand (family) umbrella. Therefore the marketing mix (4 AS) for this strategy would be Product Package the product in different quantities of games, games and 1 keg so that it is affordable for people having either a every(prenominal) week or a monthly budget.Like every other product of Milliner let this new product also be distributed in boxes as the low-income consumers consider anything other than a box to be inferior. At the resembling time design the packaging in such a way that it protects the contents from humidity and also very attractive to pull the assistance of the buyers. Include pictures of popular parties like Carnival so that people can relate it to their rich cultural background. Price Keep the price of this new product definitely less than Mom but almost of the aforesaid(prenominal) range as Campfire since for the low-income consumers price= (is equal to) quality.Hence lesser the price, the more it is insecure to be perceived as a low standard product. The in large quantities price of Campfire is 1. 7/keg so the pricing for the new product could be between 1. 5 and 1. 7 per keg. Promotion Promotions in this case rules out some of the forms like personal selling as the targeted market is very large, also television marketing as most of the people are low-income families, fifty-fifty magazine ads as most of them are illiterate.So the forms that will make an impact on the consumers are direct marketing, buzz, word of mouth, banners with straightforward messages relating to the cultural and religious history EN has. Concentrate on visibleness of the products in small stores so that when customers enter the store they should realize that thither is a new product which is catering to their needs, this way create an Montreal move on ten minas AT ten consumers Tort Tanat product. Place Milliner lacks the distribution skill in EN.More than 75,000 small outlets dont have any of the Milliner products. So the first step towards placing the new product is to make sure Milliner does a strategic distribution among the small outlets as the consumers in EN usually shop at a nearby store instead of going to large stores. Also considering the fact that 21% of consumers in SE are in the social class E, the new product should be carefully placed among the small outlets even in the SE region. 2.Pull Strategy(Selling Strategy) (Chris Fill, 2005) Communication Flow Originator or maker Wholesaler Flow of goods and services Retailer Customer The consumption of laundry soap in Brazil is (6. 8+20. 4) keg and the detergent consumption is (12. 9+11. 4) keg. These figures reveal a very important fact that many another(prenominal) of the consumers are still tied to laundry soap and so by using the pull strategy, Milliner should attract these laundry soap consumers towards detergent powder. The pull strategy is successful when people have brand awareness and go to the shop to buy a particular product.So considering the washing habit (detergent powder in a very small quantity only for good smell), one of the ways of pulling the customers towards the detergent usage is by giving a small sachet of the new product for f ree with every purchase of a laundry soap(Minerva). By doing this the consumers would be forced to use the product and if the performance of the new product is convincing to them then the chances of people switching to detergent is tie high, which in turn will gain the brand recognition of the new product and as a turn out it would be a success of the pull strategy.Also once the consumers start buying the new product reward them by putting some coupons interior the packaging so that the consumers are motivated to buy it the next time. Moreover, certain freebies like a container to store the detergent, a spoon to measure the quantity of detergent to be used in a given amount of water, can be deployed during the initial phases of launch of the product.One more way to increase the brand awareness of the new product is to vive a demonstration of the new product in and around the small outlets or at places most visited by the targeted consumers. Refill packs should be produced, and th e product should be made acquirable across all locations, because of the very nature of the product which is that it is a low-involvement one, and people would not travel long distances to buy the product.Since the product is targeted to a low-income and price sensitive segment, the company should make sure that it optimizes the distribution network and that on the logistics cost so as to transfer the benefits to he end consumer. While the product is gaining more brand loyalty, the producer/ manufacturer should make sure that the new product is available on all the shelves (small stores, large malls) Tanat consumers can possibly reach out to. 0 encourage this give suitable incentives/rewards to the dealers. Thus convince the retailers to stock up in receipt to the demand created for the new product. The success of the new product can be achieved by striking a perfect balance between the push and pull strategies. So push or launch the product into the market and create awareness o r the same and through the pull strategy create a strong affinity for the new product thus converting the laundry soap users to detergent powder.

Cinderella Not a Love Story Essay

A very common fairy write up that we make up grown up hearing is the fabrication of Cinderella, a miserable girl whose dreams of marrying a prince and living happily ever after, fin entirelyy comes ad secure after m any years of wishing upon a star. Individual writers of the Cinderella account may alter the story, but the general concept is al moods the same. This guiltless story has been told to millions of children and is known as a great fancy. A romance is supposed to have suspense, anticipation, and a cloudy connection between the ii characters that have and/or are f totallying in love with to each one some other, and Cinderella is none of those. Cinderella is a great rags to riches story, but it is far from a romance.Cinderella is a 17 to 22 year old girl that suffers from an ignominious home life. The abuse Cinderella suffers from is mainly verbal however, some things in the story could defiantly be considered physical abuse. The abusive is inflicted by her two st ep-sisters and her step-mother. Since Cinderellas mother died when she was a small child it is assumed that she looks to her step-mother for approval the delegacy of life young girls look to their mother for approval. Depending on the version of Cinderella you read her fetch is either dead, or he is a spineless man who does non protect her from her step-mother and step-sisters. Do to the abusive living environment, Cinderella is looking for a way out, like any young girl would be, that is required to do all the house hold chores and is treated poorly. When Cinderella hears about the ball she wants to go, but deep inside her she knows that she will not be allowed. In Charles Perraults Cinderillon a fairy godmother appears, that helps Cinderella in going to the ball. Cinderella knows that if she makes a good impression on the prince that he may want to marry her, which would give her a way to escape her horrible living environment.In Perraults and may other version of Cinderella t he prince and Cinderella dance until midnight they do not engage in any conversation nor do they kiss. They only simple of affection here is that the prince does not allow anyone to cut in there dancing. When the clock sticks midnight Cinderella leaves quickly because all the fairy godmothers magic is about to wear off. Cinderella accidently leaves behind a grump slipper. If Cinderella didnt lose the glass slipper the story would be over. That does not show true love. The prince vows to marry the women the glass slipper befits. Its catchy to hope that in the whole kingdom that the slipper wouldnt fit anyone else.A few things to think about here are what would have happened if the slipper did fit another and what if the slipper was not left. It is hard to believe that the prince loves Cinderella if he cannot eff her without the glass slipper fitting her foot. In moderne day that would be like saying that ones hubby cannot recognize her without her makeup on. If you love someon e to the point that you want to deal out your life entire life with them then you should be able to recognize them regardless of minor changes such as dressed-up or just done rolling in the dirt.

Apple Globalization Essay

orchard apple tree distributes its point of intersections in over 80 countries with its claim channels, its cellular network carriers distribution channels and third party resellers. orchard apple tree success is due mainly to the collaboration of the iphone with its updateable applications. In markets such(prenominal) as the United States and Japan. apple business strategy focuses on bringing the crush personal computing and music experience to students, educators, creative professionals, businesses, government agencies and consumers through its innovative hardware, software, peripherals, services and Internet offering (orchard apple tree Computer, 2005).According to a root in Electronista, market data from Gfk Japan shows the 32 GB iPhone is in the No. 1 spot for July, ahead of Nipponese-made phones from Sharp, Panasonic (PC), NEC, Casio and Sony Ericsson (a Japanese/Swedish enunciate venture). ( Dewiit, Philip Elmer cnn money article) In one of the approximately technolo gically advanced countries such as Japan it is no wonder why apple seems to be gaining so much success in a foreign market. The Japanese market is in awe of the simplicity and performance that apple product provide. In doing a PEST analysis I have experience to a realization that the Japanese market wants high performance minuscule cost technically superior and social acceptable products at an affordable price.Rendering apple a perfect company to satisfy these wants. Apple distributes its products in Japan through its own retail stores and companies such as Wal-Mart and other retail lusus naturaes. Accoding to the Apple one-year report Japans net gross sales emergenced $551 million or 32% in 2009 compared to 2008. The key contributors to this growth were increased iPhone revenue, stronger demand for certain mackintosh portable systems and iPods, and strength in the Japanese Yen (Apple annual report 2009 pg. 13). similarly Apples target market in the United States wants the a like kind of high performance low cost gadgets. Apple manufactures most of its products in China and has them shipped to the United States to be sold at their apple stores as well as retail stores such as Wal-Mart. Apple is a huge success in America and word is getting some. The world is taking notice to the technical giant and surely get into the apple revolution. Apples success in the united states contributes to its success around the world. With itsiphone scoop shovel to AT&T even such a third rate company was able to make a comeback and to necessitate the cellular market when it bought exclusive rite to the iphone.This just shows you the kind of world-beater Apple holds. According to the Apple annual report During 2009, net sales in the Americas segment increased $2.4 billion or 15% compared to 2008. The increase in net sales during 2009 was attributable to the significant year-over-year increase in iPhone revenue, higher sales of third-party digital content and applic ations from the iTunes Store, and increased sales of Mac portable systems. (Apple annual report 2009 pg.13)Apple has over 240 stores located around the globe. America dominates the list with its 218 stores while France is set to start opening stores at a rate that is second only to the US. Apple is a steamroller in the computer industry with a presence that keeps on ontogeny within every country. Everyone in the world has heard of or knows psyche that either owns or associates with Apple Inc. Thus making it into a giant that only few can contend with. The continued success of Apple Inc makes for a global leader in the innovation of tomorrow.References-Apple annual report 2009http//library.corporate-ir.net/library/10/107/107357/items/315133/AAPL_10K_FY08.pdfDewitt, Philip Elmer. Apple iphone No. 1 in Japan. CNN MONEY. august 17 2009 .JOBS, STEVE. APPLE DEVLOPMENT CENTER. APPLE. MAY 9 2010 .SKIPWORTH, HUNTER. IPHONE IN JAPAN. TELOGRAPH.CO.UK. DEC 1 2009

Ancient Egyptian Art and Ancient Japanese Art Essay

Ancient Egyptian trick during this time was a big time of this civilization. Ancient Egyptian trickistic production usually depict god, goddess and animals, because of their high religious ways. Egytian art is still directly recognized as some the most sophisticated works piece of music has ever seen. I chose to works of art to match and contrast Egyptian and Nipponese art. I will start with Egyptian Art first. The Statue of Memi and Sabu tally is a three dimensional work of art depicting keep up and wife standing together These statues was placed in a serdab, the isolated statue chamber found in no royal tomb chapels of the octogenarian Kingdom.This period of art was Egypt most innovative times because of Pyramids and works equal this being made. The Egyptians believed that the spirit of the deceased could use such a statue as a home and enter it in order to benefit from gifts of viands that were brought to the moroseering chapel of the tomb (The metropolitan Museum of Art). The material used Giza motley Limestone as part of Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, between 25752465 b. c.This goes in with the time of what I discuss early that Egyptians having religious belief they often idealize and interpret there dead. The pose is unusual because Memi is returning Sabus embrace by draping his arm around her shoulders examineing a relationship between the ii (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Second work of art I chose is Ancient Japanese Art. Japanese Ancient Art is one the most dynamic art periods. They were the first to develop pottery. Ancient Japan pottery Go outlying(prenominal) back as the 11th BC.The work of art I chose to compare and contrast is Storage jar made of earthenware clay unglazed in Middle Jomon period between 25001500 B. C. The earthenware food vessel, which came from the Aomori Prefecture in northeastern Japan, is uncommon for the fine quality of its clay and its sophisticated decoration. The cord-marked herringbone pattern was reproduc ed by cords knotted together and twisted in opposite directions (The Metropolitan Museum of Art).Like the Egyptians they had very detail of work that symbolizes the culture. Japanese use these potteries to investment company food and eating. The reason for their abundant use of pottery was probably so vast because the culture was always on the go at that time. In conclusion both works of both works of art show vast sophistication and symbolize a style based off their culture beliefs and needs. Egyptian Art may have more vast terminology than Japanese Art. Both have made an impact on society today.

Positive Psychology and Depression

controlling psychological science in the Treatment of Major Depression commanding psychology is a strengths-oriented, confident(p)ly foc apply approach to human behaviors and thoughts that is relatively recent to the boilersuit field of psychology. Previous schools of thought had al ways foc utilize on the abnormalities, weaknesses, and pathologies of batch. validating psychology is an exception eachy new branch of psychology and aims at devising manners to a greater extent fulfilling, enjoyable, and happy instead of just tolerable they gaze to promote amiable health and hygienic- being instead of save treating disorders.This enquiry paper will address the roles that hope, gratitude, forgiveness, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy play in mavens livelihood, and how these characteristics asshole be implementd in a way to affix unmatchables overbearing affect. One of the just ab break through common biliousness disorders is falloff. Depression comes in many forms and there ar alike various depressive disorders such(prenominal)(prenominal) as major nonion, bipolar disorder, and dysthymic disorder. (NIMH, 2009) For the sake of this paper, major feeling will be examined.Related article Approaches to Promoting WellbeingSymptoms of a major depressive end include feelings of sadness or unhappiness, irritability or frustration, loss of eng get along withment or pleasure in normal activities, reduced sex drive, insomnia or excessive sleeping, changes in appetite, agitation or restlessness, angry outbursts, slowed thinking or speaking, fatigue, tiredness, loss of energy, trouble thinking or concentrating, frequent thoughts of death or dying including suicide, crying spells for no appargonnt reason, and unexplained physical problems such as pain ( mayo Clinic, 2012).One does not stupefy to have every unmatchable of these symptoms, they must have at least five symptoms, they must brave for at least two calendar weeks, symptoms toleratenot be caused ascribable to drug or alcohol consumption, atomic number 18 not caused by bereavement or ack without delayledge all-night than two months, and they must cause a significant make sense of impairment in the soulfulnesss everyday life mental process (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate of 11. 2 part in young adults with 3. 3 percent of those cases deemed severe, and a cardinal month prevalence rate of 6. percent in adults with 30. 4 percent of those cases diagnosed as severe. People ages eighteen to twenty-nine argon s take eatty percent to a greater extent likely to have experienced depression compared to those over the age of sixty, pot between thirty to forty-four years old were long hundred percent a good deal likely, and forty-five to fifty-nine year olds were 100 percent more likely. Women are seventy percent more likely than their male mortal counterparts to experience depression during their lifetime and whites are forty percent more likely than b overlooks to experience depression.Compared to 2 percent or less for most other disorders, major depression is quite common. (NIMH, 2009) Positive psychology interventions in cases of major depression focus on increase demonstrable emotions, confirming experiences, subjective well-being, and beneficial engagements. This differs from traditional interventions by not focusing on the depressive, negative symptoms and instead trying to focus on the honourable aspects of nonpareils life. Positive psychologists do not ignore the fact that mental illnesses are abnormal and the fact that things do go wrong in massess lives.Instead, they want to beat a closer look at the faithful things that happen in hatfuls lives and what makes and keeps people content or happy. In one study, conducted by Seligman et al, validating psychotherapy deterrent examples delivered through the internet were shown to relieve the symptoms of depression for a minimum of six months whereas traditional treatments lasted less than one week. In subjects damage from severe depression, decline in mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms was observed.It was also observed that subjects who had been suffering from major depressive disorder and underwent positive psychotherapy had a higher reduction in symptoms than those who underwent traditional treatments and those who underwent traditional treatments combined with medications. The hypothesis of this study express that depression can be treated effectively not moreover by reducing its negative symptoms, scarcely also by straight off and primarily build positive emotions, character strengths, and meaning. It is potential that directly building these positive resources may also buffer against their future reoccurrence. (Seligman et, al. , 2006) Logically, major depression would be well treated when using a positive psychology oriented approach. People who suffer from depression experience anhe donia an inability to experience pleasure in activities which it is usually produced. They deficiency positive affect, show a lack of engagement in meaningful activities, lack of feeling of purpose, and lack of feeling of meaning. These people no longer suffer any pastime in things such as sex, food, bonding with friends, favorite past times, and lap up. (Brynie, 2009) A study by Barnaby D.Dunn, published in July of 2012 also found that people suffering from depression also do not experience forecasting or recognize positive emotions the way those unaffected do. (Dunn, 2012) The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines prospicience as 1 b. the act of looking forward especially acceptable expectation. 2 a mental attitude that influences a later response. (Merriam-Webster, 2012) From this, it is understood that people suffering from depression, and therefore anhedonia, not moreover miss out on the pleasure normally experienced during enjoyable activities, they also do not even loo k forward to any of these pleasurable activities.It is as if they do not see the possibility of an experience producing positive burdens. Positive psychology, on the other hand, is primarily focused on creating and building-upon positive emotions, dower people find meaning in their everyday lives, and promoting an overall increase in mental health. Positive psychology has its roots in self-efficacy, optimism, and hope. Self-efficacy is the whimsey that you have the skills and self-control necessary to achieve the goals you define for yourself.This is a learned way of thinking, predicted by previous successes, observing others with high levels of self-efficacy, the ability to count oneself achieving a successful outcome, verbal persuasion by other immobile and trustworthy individuals, and ability to control negative emotions. Optimism is a soulfulnesss tendency to look at a situation from the best possible point of view, or too expect the best possible outcome in any given situation (Merriam-Webster, 2012). Optimism can be predicted by a childhood environment which provided safety, coherence, secure fixings, and there is also a genetic component to optimism.Television, however, is one of the main culprits in promoting pessimism the opposite of optimism. The final main building block of positive psychology is hope. Hope is the conclave of the belief that one can reach his or her goals and has the ability to find alternate routes to these goals should they be presented with adversity. (Snyder, 2011) Key steps and aspects of combating major depression with positive psychology were outlined by Seligman, Rashid, and Parks in their 2006 article.Since depression is associated with a lack of positive realizations in ones life, lymph glands were asked to take steps to assistant oneself them recognize their signature strengths, ways to hold these signature strengths, good things that happen to them every day, things and people in their lives that they are thankful for, and also to forgive others and themselves for past transgressions. To table service clients recognize their signature strengths as well as help them to see the way they view themselves, clients were instructed to deliver stories describing what they believe to be their character strengths.The client and therapist discuss how apathy and the absence seizure of positive emotions do nothing but maintain the cycles/second of depressive episodes. Next, clients were instructed to take the VIA-IS strengths finding questionnaire and and so use those results in an assignment stating how they could best utilize their strengths to improve their everyday lives. Afterwards, clients were to recall past situations in which they have successfully used their identified strengths to their advantage. Pleasure, engagement, and meaning as pathways to happiness are discussed during the clients session and their role in overcoming depression is outlined. tout ensemble of these steps h elp lead to the realization of the client that they have strengths that are unique to themselves, they have control over situations that happen to them, and they are not helpless. (Seligman, 2006) The next set of steps focuses mainly on engagement. Clients were asked to keep Blessings diarys in which they recorded at least three good things which happened to them each day. They are also back up to write to the highest degree three bad things that have happened to them and to go into shrewdness about their emotions surrounding these events and how the events influenced their depression.The therapist will inform the client of the ways in which retaining negative feelings such as anger and bitterness can compound the effects of depression and block recovery. Clients were encouraged to talk about negative experiences and vent about these experiences rather than ruminate on them. Clients were then to write at least one forgiveness letter. They describe an chance with a wrong-doing, the emotions experienced along with the event, and they also promise to forgive to transgressor even if it was himself or herself. Seligman et al, 2006) Forgiveness is a freeing from a negative attachment to the source that has transgressed against a person. thither is less zest to neutralise the person or seek revenge, and an increase in positive feelings or put throughs towards the individual. There is a rea amountic assessment of the harm done, an acknowledgement of the perpetrators responsibility, a cancelation of debt between the victim and perpetrator, and then a self-removal from the category of victim.Forgiveness is strategic in a persons life because it helps to break the cycle of violence when one person is harmed and seeks revenge and then the initial transgressor seeks revenge as well which initiates and maintains said cycle of violence. When a person displays a willingness to forgive others, it is not only beneficial to that person, but also to all of the people s urrounding said incident. It produces positive feelings as well as an inclination to also be forgiving in future situations. This is a form of positive role modeling between peers. Snyder, 2011) other grievous step is expressing gratitude. Clients are encouraged to express their gratitude to someone they never powerful or fully thanked each in person, through a letter, or via telephone conversation. (Miller, 2008) One way gratitude is experienced is when another individual acts in a way that is costly to himself or herself, provides value to the recipient, and was done intentionally. Another way gratitude can be experienced is when someone survives a blasting event, a threat to his or her health, or a dangerous situation.Gratitude is a highly valued character trait in many cultures due to its beneficial nature and tendency to increase a persons tendency to perform altruistic tasks. Those who are high in gratitude are generally less concerned with material goods, more spiritual, more at ease with life, and more empathetic. (Snyder, 2011) Using the concept of primary prevention, psychologists can help their clients to prevent depressive symptoms from occurring in the first place, or fall the severity of depressive symptoms during the next depressive episode.Some positive psychology interventions in Seligman, Rashid, and Parks 2006 study that dealt with primary prevention were being more physically active, socializing with more people or more often with people who were already friends, engaging in meaningful work such as volunteering and helping the less fortunate, bonding more with get it on ones and forming deeper connections, begining expectations of oneself and others, and making ones own happiness a priority.In the same study, Seligman and his fellow researchers randomly assigned six hundred volunteers to one of six intervention activities online. Five of these activities were from a more positive psychology focused list of comes, and one was a plac ebo. The placebo exercise required participants to write down their earliest memories every night for a week which had only temporary effects on that group. The volunteers assigned to groups 1, 2, and 4 showed pointedly lower depressive symptoms and much higher levels of happiness when compared to the lacebo and two other control-like groups. The volunteers in the successful group also had result which lasted at least six months whereas the people in the other groups had either no results, or results that were only fleeting. (Seligman et al, 2006) sort out 1 was required to take the VIA-IS strengths questionnaire and then considers ways in which they could utilize their results to help them in their everyday lives. Group 2 had to write down at least three good things that had happened to them that day and why they thought these things had happened to them.Group 4 had to conduct a gratitude visit, much like the one previously mentioned, in which they composed a letter of thanks to someone who had positively impacted their life in some way, shape, or form but they had never fully thanked and then read said letter either in person or over the phone. The two control-like groups assignments were to take a strengths test questionnaire alone, or to write an essay about themselves in a moment when they were at their best. Seligman et al, 2006) These last findings show that the positive psychology activities used in the Seligman et al study can also be used as a form of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention addresses a problem after it has already appeared just as these online participants were already exhibit signs of extreme depression. After participating in the three blessings per day exercise their depression scores went down showing that this exercise not only could help prevent depressive episode as previously shown, it could also lessen a depressive episode that had already begun.As a spin-off from this study a website, www. reflectivehappiness. com was created. This was a social website community centered on positive psychology. freshly exercises and interventions were posted each month, a book club was formed, a newsletter was published and sent out, and a discussion board dedicated to positive psychology. During the first month of operations, it was found that fifty of the sites subscribers who took pretests for the warmness for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, scored in the range that would qualify as passing depressed.After completing the exercise involving recording three blessings each day for two weeks, the average score for this group of people dropped from 33. 9, to 16. 9. This showed that ninety-four percent of these people were less depressed and fell from the extremely depressed range to the lightly to moderately depressed range. This website is no longer functioning the same way, it has go to a mobile network which only works on iPhones and now runs under the URL www. happiness. com. Another important p art of positive psychology and the ability of a person to remain positive, approbative, and hopeful is resiliency.Resilience is the ability to backfire back from adversity and to successfully adapt to the demands of stressful situations (Tugade et al, 2004). People who are seen as resilient are more likely to be set forth as self-efficacious, confident, and determined and can also be expected to pose a more positive self-talk, boost their self-image, and promote self-agency (Mak et al, 2011). All of these characteristics are those of someone with a very positive outlook on life as well as a positive view of themselves.These people show a much lower susceptibility to mental disorders and behavioural problems such as depression, anxiety, violence, and subject matter abuse (Lillehoj et al, 2004). People who are more resilient also show more optimism and a higher level of hope when thinking about the future. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions suggests that positive e motions stretch what an individual feels like doing at any given time. (Snyder, 2011) This is referred to by Fredrickson as a broadening of ones thought-action repertoire.Emotions such as joy, interest, contentment, pride, and love all have the ability to expand you potential action options. satisfaction can create more creative, playful behaviors while interest creates the desire to explore, expand, and experience new things. One of the most important in positive psychology is pride. Pride creates the desire to share good news and figure oneself doing even bigger and better things. The opposite happens in any life threatening situation your thought-action choices narrow to provide a smaller list of options to try to conduct a speedy, potentially life-saving choice. Frederickson, 2001) This research proves that when a person is feeling depressed and are lacking the positive emotions described above, they do not have an expanded thought-action repertoire and therefore do not see a ll of the possible paths to their goals which, in turn, leads to feelings of hopelessness and a lack of self-efficacy. Other health benefits of promoting positive emotions are increased laughter, decreased effect unsoundness, increased longevity, positive emotional disclosure, and overall increased psychological health.Laughter has been proven to be a cyclical cause and effect of positive emotions which in turn improves immune system functioning, and help maintain a electrostatic positive emotional state. Elderly people who had been hospitalized for an incident involving heart disease and kept up a positive attitude had a much lower readmission rate than those who displayed a negative outlook. Also, people who tend to be more positive throughout their lives, participate in emotional disclosure, and upholding an optimistic and hopeful outlook have a propensity to live longer than those who did not.Positive emotions and an expanded thought-action repertoire not only help people emo tionally avoid depression, they also help people to be more physically active and thus further avoid depressive symptoms. The reasons why exercise helps to comfort depressive symptoms is not completely understood, but it is believed to happen on a fewer different levels. First of all, exercise is thought to release beneficial neurotransmitters and endorphins which are essentially feel good chemicals for your brain and body. These chemicals are thought to trigger the opioid receptors in the brain creating feelings of happiness and optimism.Another way exercise is thought to help create positive emotions in those who exercise is by lowering real chemicals released by the immune system which can also prolong depressive feelings. Finally, exercise increases body temperature which is thought to have a calming effect on individuals. The more direct, less scientific ways that exercise can help people avoid depression are by acting as a distraction from everyday life and taking a person s mind off of things, increasing social interactions and therefore increasing positive interactions, and improving physical appearance and thus increasing confidence. Mayo Clinic, 2011) A study also found that speed walking for thirty five minutes per day for five days each week, or sixty minutes per day three times each week had a significant effect on decreasing depression. (Harvard Medical School, 2009) All in all, having a positive outlook on life can be beneficial to ones life in unbounded ways. The study of positive psychology helps people to take steps towards development better skills to take advantage of their ability to think positively, act positively, and avoid or decrease their depression.Through a few very simple steps, such as gratitude letters, blessings journal keeping, and skills and strengths assessments, one can increase their sense of self efficacy, increase resilience, increase their sense of hope, and by doing this decrease major depressive symptoms. workin g Cited American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. , school text rev. ). Washington, DC Author. Anticipation. 2012. In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved noneember 26, 2012, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/anticipationBrynie, F. (2009). Depression and Anhedonia. Brain Sense. December 2009. Dunn, B. D. 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