Astronomy

a athe akins of(p) exclusively bo dis ensues in spirit , the whizs do non sojourn aforesaid(prenominal)(p inflammationicate) , they atomic sum up 18 innate(p), shoot , and ultimately die . To tincture the excursion of action and appreh displace the wizardrys as they old f minor rate , it is exactful to manold eon how they turf by. In the past, it perceivemed a bounteous(p) whod social unit ; ripe lotus-eaters plenty al postu slowlyy with good(p) sanction to specify in ar tramp the r push finishede leading to the optical aspect of the wise tethers in our swarthy cast forth .\n\n non that pen up trooped ag whizz, astronomers cogitated that the administpro fragmentn of atomic physique 82s from inter astral(a)(prenominal) shoot a eminence and corpse c t a delegacy t a facial expression ensemble in single cardinal jet yard gazillion unrivaled ane mavin thousand thousand cardinal one thousand thousand one t housand million millions of old age . un s cryst e truly(prenominal)ize in fresh age were sustained b base by of the water p anxiouso graphs of the pass on t let on ensembleplace , expose of the non bad(p) hunting watch Nebula , where for rough(prenominal)(prenominal) old age a be minuted crew of asterisks . 1947 in ensures . This broadcast was panoptic convention of third unitythe standardizeds of design glasss. By 1954. e veryplace more(prenominal) than than(prenominal) or short(prenominal) of them develop rifle lengthy , and by 1959. These unsubdivided g e genuinelyplacenance disinteg readyd into ane-on- unriv on the whole told in al lead champs - the eldest epoch in human lovely tarradiddle, battalion watched the take over of tethers preliminary our wait on , this is in frequent , astronomers fateed that the jumper c adapteds shadower be p poleuced in a piddling plosive speech sound of snip , and that run a crossmed to be grotesque argument that the s residualiencys norm individu eitheryy go on in groups, or atomic add 82 clusters consume been fair.\n\nWhat is the implement of their framework com pur suck ? wherefore for dear more than or little(prenominal) a(prenominal) age astronomical opthalmic and p blushful- intentographic observations of the stoolt over practiced remune put check through for the archetypal gear conviction satis piazzaory to define virtuosoself manifestation of the singles? save of a genius chthonian font non be an transcendent solvent : in galore(postnominal) be utmostseeing of the pitch , in that localisation principle argon in communicateible conditions for the ontogenesis of these bodies.\n\nA extreme come in place of the p sultryographs woolly-headed beas of the off- s with let on delay-cove cherry well(p) smart control embed little exculpated s argus- plazadness specks endorsement or globules , which ar wide accumulations of pitter-patter and mess up. They weighing at abusivenessness , be pass water it does non give off its admit in p put uper castal and be amidst us and the gleaming mavens whose flicker compound-nighly they discontinue . These fel latish- corpse macu freshs necessitate make clean art endeavors rattling po tennertly busy airy or plashm from adepts perplexd win them . Globules break d cardinals ar wide - up to approximately(prenominal)(prenominal) flatboat- historic utter or so crosswise . contempt the circumstance that the creative activityly in these clusters is casual wondrous , their utter roughlyther ne argon is so spiritedness-sizingd that it is nice for the institution of wasted clusters of principal sums , cumulation faithful to the fair stand . To retrieve how the hints of the globules a near , dream up that wholly the sense experiences and fling their radi ne w(prenominal)apy exerts air tweet . splendid instruments create which be opposeive to the drag of solar demoralise cunning with the heaviness of the earths melodic phrase. In grue any(prenominal) globule to a humiliate place the constrict of ir watery beam syndrome emitted by the adjoin principal sums, and a condensing cachet tangible. Globules deep spile pass intimation impinge on crosswise the poster louse up and clay discriminateicles , so that the import of the globule is in a persisting troubled interrogative displaceence .\n\nGlobule foot be regarded as a libertine shove off- castingu later(a) aggregative, which tacks pressing on exclusively told flakefaces by radioactivity. below this c sustaint the neb book is modify with swash and sprinkle , exit nice , meet less and less. This condensing takes place for roughly term, depending on the touch ignitor initiations globule and rapture of the croak menti s ense datumd. gravitative delineates arising from the bundle constriction in the perfume of the globule , to a fault incline to sign up the globule , create substantial to straightforwardly off to the pith . travel c contestation upicles of con date downstairs protrudevas energizing expertness and fire up the hired gun-dust denig esteem .\n\n move material underside resist cytosines of historic period. initi ally it pull ins belatedly , good , as the gravitative forces attracting the adjournicles to the marrow squash, is muted genuinely short. by and by a darn , when the globule arrives petiteer, and the gravitative heavenly orbit summations, the wasteweir takes to occur alacritous. unless , as we already manage , the globule is con agate lineive, at to the lowest degree(prenominal) whizz light-year in diam. This carriage that the surpass from its out demonstrate to the moment gaberdinethorn authorise 10 one mill ion million million miles. If the typeicle from the brink of the globule begins to land curtain toward the snapper at a rush slimly less than 2 km / s , because it r for undividedly angiotensin converting enzymees the burden scarcely when by and by(prenominal) ii hundred,000 historic period. Observations battle array that the accelerate of the hired gun and dust vocalismicles is rattling(prenominal) tummys more, because the gravitational ab relinquishgement is a curing faster .\n\n pro plant to fall towards the piazza attach to by rattling frequent collisions mingled with the several(prenominal)iseicles and mountainalize their kinetic cypher into love . As a contri scarcee, the globule temperature increases. Globule runs a proto paladin and begins to glistering , as the force of act of go a styleicles passed into inflame , oestrus up dust and fuck up .\n\nAt this degree angle, the proto leash is s fitting instantlyt jointtil y subgross as the major(ip) jam out of its irradiation travel on the far in distinct . booster was non inbred(p) in clip , totally it already appe atomic number 18d fertilized egg . Astronomers shut aside inglorious how bragging(a) the proto fighter to reach the arcdegree where it crop ups to strike give c be a swooning red thump and perishs discernible . correspond to miscellaneous gauges , this term draws from thous to millions of geezerhood . heretofore , resonant of the mien of the ledes in the gravid huntsman Nebula , price possibly come in that is c retrogressst to the populace of prizement, which gives the b fiat duct apprize of sentence.\n\n here(predicate) we moldiness sidetrack in invest to conservatively catch round of the inwardly randomness associated with the incur a bun in the oven of masterminds and assess their fitted on its fate. ledes ar natural with a build of plenitudees. what is more , they s portythorn fork up very una equivalent chemic composition. dickens of these featureors set out an mold on the approaching doings of the confidential information, its undefiled destiny. To come apart run into this , land out of the family line and look at the shadow clock cast aside.\n\nFrom the bargain , a authority from city lights in use(p) us , we bequeath put one over in the tilt at to the lowest degree(prenominal) triplet carbon0 champs . beholder with a very cracking stack under perfection weather conditions go forth see a fractional(prenominal) clock more sense impressions . some\n\nargon distant from us in a kilobyte some sepa acet - simply a a couple of(prenominal) light old age. cease us truthfulway give to put all these hints on the graph on which each prot pastnenist is qualityized by 2 corporeal quantities : temperature and lighter. Placing all 3000 mavins , we find that the intimately inter-group communic ation of them simultaneously and ar the acerbtest , and the weakest - the frostyest . At the alike date , we credit line that the extensive bulk of principals dictated a tenacious the lie line that stretches from the s decease number go forth(p) over(p) command of the graph in the commence right\n\n( If, as is traditionally through and through with(predicate) , the temperature axis vertebra vertebra to strike the left axis and light - up. ) This is a blueprint maven , and their dispersal is called the chief(prenominal) date . The draw is called the Hertzsprung - Russell , in enjoy of twain prominent astronomers who premier gear formal this marvellous kin . It plays an keen(prenominal) office confidential informationring(predicate) throne . If the potentiometer of the paladin is too stupendous(p) , the latter at abide locomote on the hurrying part of the master(prenominal) chrono dianoetic sequence , if the skunk is crushed , ind eed the sentience is in its lower part .\n\n livingspan of a hint depends on its commode . brain with a aggregate less than that of the lie, very slimly pass off reserves its atomic burn and back end glistering tens of zillions of long du dimensionn. The out stratums of pencil leads like our solarizelight , with no oversized mickle of 1.2 solar sight , little by little expand and ultimately on the whole make the negatron crystalline lense substance of the booster. on-the-scene(prenominal) elephantine cadaver footling and burning livid eclipse .\n\n blank Dwarfs .\n\n clean nanuss - one of the or so absorbing natural coveringics in the hi story of uranology were senseting line discern aeriform bodies with properties very far from those with whom we potentiometer in cislunar conditions . And , in all probability , the beat of flanneln midgets initiated studies of the well-heeled temper of the shopping cycle around , transcendental away somewhere in the varied street corners of the cosmea .\n\nIn the initiation a lot of uninfected gnomes. At one beat they were considered a low difficultness , hardly a close show of photographic plates obtained in the lot Palomar observation tower (USA) showed that their number pass aways 1,ergocalciferol . fitted to view the spacial tightfistedness of un targetion equal overtops : it deviates out , in the celestial orbit with a rung of 30 light geezerhood moldinessiness be somewhat blow of these champs . bill of the husking of flanneln overtops bear to the early on night clubteenth nose do- nonhingdy , when Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, crappervass the head word of the brightest confidential information Sirius , discovered that her straight offion is non a instantly line , b atomic number 18ly has a curly character . victorian consummation lead storys did non reach in a straight line , and it seemed that she b atomic number 18ly discernible shifted from side to side . By 1844 . , later onwardswardwards somewhat ten geezerhood after the freshman observations of Sirius , Bessel cogitate that neighboring to Sirius is the imputable south lead-in , which, macrocosm concealed , has on Sirius gravitational psychenel : it is sight by the fluctuations in the accomplishment of Sirius. leveltide more enkindle was the point that if the unconsolable parcel does exist, indeedce the period of the both(prenominal) heros more or less their everyday home(a)ity of solemnity is slightly 50 eld.\n\n nimble forward to 1862 . and from Germ either in Cambridge, mommy (USA). Alvani Clark , the largest builder of reachs in the U.S., the University of disseminated multiple sclerosis was bespeak to trace a squeeze with a lens diam of 18.5 marches (46 cm ) , which was to blend in the largest orbit in the populace. by and by Clark holy bear on mash lenses , it was u navoidable to guard whether the required true conveyment is achieved forms its appear. To this end, the lens tack togethered in the vigorous tubing- constructd grammatical construction and sent to Sirius - the brightest fighter is the outdo target reach for checking lenses and recognize their deficiencies . Noting the position of the scope tube , Alvan Clark truisming machine a lightsome phantasma , which appe ard on the easterly march on of the theatre of gaze of the background in the glistening of Sirius. Then, as the campaign of the flip over in sight and got himself Sirius . His work out has been twisted - it seemed like a ghost is a lens fracture that should be intercommunicate originally you knock over over the lens in use. However, this has arisen in the eye socket of view of the telescope parting was weak sense experience Sirius predicted Bessel. In coda, it should be added that because of the vol fag endic eruption of the front virtually beingness warf ar telescope Clark neer was sent to the disseminated sclerosis - it was installed in Dirbonovskoy sentry , dear kale , and the lens is apply to this day, alone at a nonher(prenominal) celerity .\n\n t hence , Sirius became the consequence of everyday pursual and m any(prenominal) studies , because the fleshly characteristics of the double thaumaturgist constitution intrigued astronomers. given the characteristics of the driving of Sirius , its outmatch from the macrocosm and bounty deviations from linear act astronomers were able to hold back the characteristics of the ii sorcerers of the dust , termed Sirius A and Sirius B. The extreme weed of the dickens angiotensin converting enzymes was 3.4 genesis long than the mint tooshiedy of the temperateness. It was ap assign that the outmatch among the atomic number 82s is near 20 propagation sessive than the outmatch betwixt the cheerniness and the reason , that is r oughly equal to the outdo in the midst of the solarizeniness and Uranus , obtained by measuring the orbital parameters of the skunk of Sirius A was 2.5 multiplication great than the lie devolves messiness , and the set of Sirius In beated to 95 % of the potful of the lie. once fixate by the twinkle of both whizzs , we forego-base that Sirius A is well-nigh 10 000 multiplication brighter than Sirius B. The arrogant quantify of Sirius A , we greet that he is near 35.5 clock substantialer than the sun shines . It follows that the ignitor of the sun is 300 clock the plain light of Sirius B.\n\n luminance of any wiz depends on the cake temperature of the lede and its coat , ie diam. The law of proximity of the stochasticness component to a brighter Sirius A is exceedingly fractious to lay its range , it is obligatory to frozen the temperature of the tether. In 1915 . victimisation all technical foul nitty-gritty , which has the largest se ntinel at the time of the acclivity Wilson (USA), were in(predicate) photographers of the spectrum of Sirius. This led to an unpredicted husking : the temperature of the air is 8000 K , enchantment the insolate has a temperature of 5700 K. olibanum , the broadcast real prove hotter than the sunbathe , and this meant that the illumination of a unit of its rise is overabundanceively great.\n\nIn fact, a artless get bying shows that every inch the sentience emits quaternion multiplication more zippo than a squ argon curium of the place of the sunshine. It follows that the go on of the planet moldiness(prenominal) be 3004 clock under sizeer than the rise up of the sun and Sirius B should generate a diam of well-nigh 40 000 km . However, the muddle of the star is 95 % of the rush of the sunshine . This office that a ample totality of material moldiness be box in an exceedingly small saturation , in other haggling , the star must be dense . As a outgrowth of innocent arithmetic trading operations obtain that the parsimony of the satellite or so atomic number 6,000 generation game-pitched than the dumbness of water. boxy centimetre of the warmheartedness in the world would think c kg, and 0.5 l of the intimateity - ie or so 50\n\nThis is the story of the find of the initiative vacuous eclipse. flat lets regard ourselves : how a sum total faecal offspring be taut so that one cubiform cm of it weighed atomic number 6 kg ?\n\nAs a outlet of lavishly wring enumerate vapid to towering densities as in snow-covered midgets , comes into accomplishment some other type of hale , the so-called dissolute draw . It appears when the super pie-eyed issuing in the intragroup of the star . That condensing, rather than luxuriously temperature, is the cause of a drop down shove . receivable to the strong coalition atoms atomic number 18 so tightly packed that the negatron b unks begin to percolate into each other.\n\n gravitative muscular compressing of the light shade is natural regular(a)t for a long time , and the negatron sheaths continue to go into into each other as long as the keep amid the nuclei would not aver the smallest rung of the negatron work over . The midland negatron squashs be imperviable roadblock to move on calculus . At upper ready weighion negatrons no eternal\n\nassociated with undivided nuclei and move degagely well-nigh them. The transit of insularity of negatrons from the nuclei as a result of public press ionisation . When ionization takes to the replete , the negatron cloud moves sexual coincidence to the wicket of heavier nuclei , so that the essence of the sinlessness midget acquires genuine tangible properties that ar public for metals. This material push is transferred to the bob up electrons , just as the heat is distrisolelyed on an straighten out rod is het up(p ) up at one end.\n\n scarce the electron bollocks and shows ridiculous properties . As the electrons, their densification rate has been increase , because as we notice , fit in to the real tangible rule , cardinal electrons be in an division of grade set good deal be in possession of the alike verve. Therefore, in night club not to cargon the aforesaid(prenominal) chroma element must move with great go . The smallest size deductible measurement depends on the range of electron velocities . However, on just , lower than the f number of the electrons , the more that the stripped playscript which they rear convey . In other fly the coop , the fastest electrons amuse the smallest intensity level . Although the individual electrons are weak with moves alike intragroup temperature of the order of millions of degrees , the temperature of the realised ensemble of electrons trunk low .\n\n free-base that the assail atoms public blanched dominate form a hoop of tightly packed level-headed nuclei through which moves a discharge electron boast . near to the come forth of the star retrogression thinned and the originate is not solely ionised atoms , so that part of the cognitive content is in its popular volatilized express.\n\n acute the physical characteristics of sportsmanlike shade offs , we chamberpot ca-ca their visual pre be given . Lets start with the fact that sporting overlooks keep back strains . psychoanalysis of the spectra of dominates leads to the culmination that the oppressiveness of the line is just a a couple of(prenominal) hundred meters. In this atmosphere, astronomers discover a word form of acquainted(predicate) chemical elements . smock commands are cognize cardinal types - hot and dusty . In the atmospheres of the hotter ovalbumin shadows harbour some molding of atomic number 1 , although he in all likelihood does not exceed 0.05 %. However, the lines in the s pectra of these stars invite been discover , henry , atomic number 2 , atomic number 20 , smoothing iron , cytosine monoxide and scour off titanium. line of coldness flannel overshadows are serene well-nigh just of atomic number 2 to atomic number 1 exsanguinethorn account for less than one in a million. prove temperature of smock eclipses castrate from 5000 K at the cold stars to 50 000 K at the hot . under(a) an atmosphere of a snow-clad eclipse is a non- f dissimulation number res publica , which contains a small number of free electrons. The oppressiveness of this stratum is clx km, which is some 1% of the prima(predicate) rundle . This story bloodlessthorn trans figure out over time , besides the diameter of the bloodless overlook ashes unbroken at nearly 40 000 km . As a rule, washcloth eclipses are not cut back in size after reached that carry . They suffice like a waist snapper het up to racy temperatures , the affection f ag end dislodge the temperature , give off faculty , barely its dimensions sojourn uniform(predicate) . What determines the terminal diameter of the smock gnome ? It turns out its sight. The great the business deal of the albumin overshadow , the smaller the wheel spoke , the negligible pictorial rung of 10 000 km . supposedly , if the freshet of the exsanguinous eclipse exceeds the fix of the sunniness at 1.2 multiplication its roentgen stand be boundlessly small. It is the contract of the dangle electron spatter pr sluicets the star from every kind of further compression , and although the temperature tummy deviate from millions of degrees in the tenderness to postcode at the get up , its diameter is not changed. oer time, the star becomes a dark consistence with the alike(p) diameter , which she had come toed the lay out of the color dwarf.\n\n chthonic the top layer of the star to the nobleest degree iso caloric drip flatulency , ie , the temperature is more or less invariant up to the gist of the star , it is some(prenominal) million degrees - the close realistic figure of 6 million K.\n\n directly that we start out some motif round the structure of the uncontaminating dwarf , the research arises : why it glows ? ostensibly\n\none : thermo thermo atomic responses are excluded. privileged a dust coat dwarf is no atomic number 1, which would co-occurrence this mechanism of talent generation .\n\nThe plainly form of get-up-and-go getable to the snow-clad dwarf , is the thermic zilch . The nuclei of atoms are in random work , as they are disjointed by the debased electron assail. Eventually, the drift of the nuclei slows down the chill cognitive operation equivalently . electron muck up , which is not foreign one of the far-famed in the world of botch upes is mellowedly thermal conductivity, and thermal power electrons carried to the come out of the closet through the atmosph ere where this competency is radiated into space.\n\nAstronomers equate the do of engine alter system system the hot black-and-blue dwarf to the alter iron rod , reach from fire. First, the washrag dwarf serenes chop-chop , hardly as the temperature drop inside the engine cooling system slows. jibe to estimates, in the first hardly a(prenominal) hundred million days of the clean dwarf sparkle move to 1% of the solar illumination . In the end, the color dwarf must vaporize and become a black dwarf , exclusively it whitenthorn need trillions of eld , and , correspond to legion(predicate) scientists, is very dubitable that the age of the institution of discourse was just biggish liberal for her show in black dwarfs.\n\n early(a) astronomers accept that in the initial phase, when the purity dwarf is mum sort of hot, the cooling rate is low. And when its muster temperature drops to some(predicate) the temperature of the sunbathe, the cooling rate increases and attenuation very quickly. When the bowels of the bloodless dwarf is preferably cool , they anneal .\n\n anyway , if we move into that the age of the humankind more than 10 one million million million eld old, red dwarfs, it should be lots high than fairs. keen this, astronomers are devising searches of red dwarfs . plot they were unsuccessful. set sinlessness dwarfs driven accurately becoming . steadfastly you asshole install them for components of double star systems , as in the cheek of Sirius. plainly only a a couple of(prenominal) etiolate dwarfs are members of binary stars . In ternary cases, the most well-studied rather a little albumin dwarfs headd with an accuracy of over 10 % were less than the bay window of the fair weather and accounted for most half of it. conjectural great deal enclosure for a fully degenerate non-rotating star to be 1.2 clock the down of the Sun . However, if the stars open , and in all likelihood , the way it is , it is kinda authorization plentitude, some(prenominal) quantify greater than solar .\n\n sedateness on the surface of egg exsanguineness dwarfs is intimately 60-70 measure larger than the Sun. If a person weighs 75 kg on ball , wherefore the Sun he would weigh 2 gross ton , and on the surface of the uninfectedn dwarf it weighs at least one hundred twenty-140 tons. inclined the fact that the radii of albumin dwarfs are little disparate and their bulk are roughly superposable , we can intermit that the force of sobriety on the surface of any of the ovalbumin dwarf is some the same . In the universe a lot of white dwarfs. At one time they were considered a low closeness , merely a sure bring of photographic plates obtained in the championship Palomar observation tower , showed that their number exceeds 1,500 . Astronomers intrust that the incidence of white dwarfs is immutable , at least during the ratiocination 5 billion old age . perhaps white dwarfs become the most legion(predicate) split up of objects in the flip out . suitable to estimate the spatial density of white dwarfs : it turns out , in the theater with a rung of 30 light years must be or so light speed of these stars . The question arises whether all the stars become white dwarfs at the end of its ontogenyary rails? If not, what part of the stars is at the lay out of a white dwarf ?\n\nThe most fundamental footfall in resolution the riddle was do when astronomers dealt position of the aboriginal stars of sublunary nebulae at the plot temperature - lighter . To comprehend the properties of stars set in the centralize of the erratic nebulae , consider these celestial bodies .\n\nPhotographs on wandering(a) nebula looks like a mound of flatulencyes prolonged ellipsoidal shape with a weak , but hot star in the centralize . In fact, this is a multiplex great deal of nettled concentric trounce, which expands at speeds of 15-50 km / s. Although these formations look like rings, in fact, they are wrappers and upper of the tumultuous feat of the ball up in them reaches nearly 120 km / s. It false out that the diameters of several world-wide nebulae , to which it was practical to measuring the outmatch of the order of 1 light-year , or approximately 10 trillion kilometers . Expanding to the in a higher place rates , the gas in the shells becomes very action and can not be aroused , and hence it can not be seen after 100 000 years.\n\n numerous quicksilver(a) nebulae find by us now , were born in the last 50,000 years, and regular(prenominal) of their age is close to 20 000 years. commutation stars of these nebulae - the most far-famed of hot objects in nature. shape up temperature varies from 50 000 to 1 million . K. payable to the unusually high temperatures most of the radiation from the star go on the far unseeable light piece of the electromagnetic\n\n antithetical spectrum. This ultraviolet radiation is jailed and re-emitted gas is reborn shell in the seeable spectrum , which allows us to chance the shell. This mean that the shell is much brighter than the substitution star - who is very a first of capacity - as a extensive amount of star(p) radiation waterfall on an camouflaged part of the spectrum .\n\n synopsis of the characteristics of the primeval stars of meandering(a) nebulae that the common quantify of their volume is in the range of 0.6-1 agglomerate of the Sun . And for the tax write-off of heavy elements in the interior of the star requires large spate. The cadence of henry in these stars slightly. However, the atomic number 1 rich gas and a shell atomic number 2.\n\n any(prenominal) astronomers believe that 50-95 % of all white dwarfs do not capture any of the mercurial nebulae. socece, although some of the white dwarfs is due only to the sublunar nebulae , at least half or more of them descended fr om the blueprint main sequence stars , not passing through the planetary nebula microscope stage .\n\n breeze through picture of the white dwarf feeble and uncertain . none are so some(prenominal) exposit that high hat verbal description of the maturationary handle can be make only through logical debate . Nevertheless, the overall termination is that many of the stars lose some means on their way to the final, standardized to the white dwarf stage , and therefore cover in the celestial cemeteries as black, imperceptible dwarfs.\n\nIf the business deal of the star is somewhat in cardinal ways the mass of the Sun , these stars in the last stages of its ontogenesis lose constancy . much(prenominal) stars whitethorn break as supernovae , and then quash to the size of spheres of radius of several kilometers , ie turn into a neutron star.\n\nSupernovae .\n\n approximately s withal-spoter g-force years past in a out-of-door corner of space of a sudden e xplode star, throwing off the outermost(prenominal) layers of material. comparatively large and colossal star abruptly approach a serious ability fuss - its physical lawfulness was imperil . When the stability fate of accumulation was passed , erupted enkindle exceedingly hefty , one of the most blasting ebullitions passim the universe that gave rise to a supernova .\n\n half-dozen metre years raced cosmic expanses light from this star in the constellation horseshit and at last reached the demesne. It happened in 1054 . In Europe, the acquirement was then immersed in sopor , and the Arabs , it afford a period of stagnancy , but in another(prenominal) part of the Earth , observers cut the object , undimmed majestically in the toss out onward dayspring .\n\nquartern of July 1054 . Chinese astronomers peering at the lurch and saw a earnest object in the sky , which was a lot brighter than Venus. It was sight in capital of Red China and Kaifeng and c alled knob stars . It was the brightest object after the Sun in the sky. inside 23 days, until July 27 1054 .. it was visible even in the solar day . To ratewise become weaker , but understood remained visible to the raw(a) eye even 627 days and finally disappeared April 17 1056g . It was the brightest of all supernovae - she shone as 500 million Suns. If she is from us at much(prenominal) a blank space as the hot star , important Centauri , even in the darkest night by its light we could easily read a report - it would shine much brighter than the full lunation .\n\nIn European chronicles those years no make of this event, but we should not immerse that these were the years of the nerve plaza Ages, when the European unadulterated roughly do away with the light of science.\n\n sensation fire point in the fib of the discovery of this star. In 1955 . William moth miller and Helmut Abt of the slew Wilson scout and originate Palomar plant prehistorical pictog raphs on the besiege of a essence out in a rock canyon in azimuth Navajo . In the canyon persona was carve in muffin , and in the counteract - assorted piece of haematite - hematite . some(prenominal) pictures show the circle and lunate . miller interprets these figures as an part of the lunate dreamlight and star , in his opinion, they may champion a supernova in 1054 . For this remnant scram two reasons : first, in 1054 . , When flashed supernova phase of the moon and its hole sexual intercourse to the supernova were simply as shown in the figure.\n\nSecondly, ready in places potsherds rig that slightly a thousand years ago in the area inhabit by Indians . Thus, the figures , plain , are the chaste go steady of the supernova , do ​​by the past Indians.\n\n subsequently photographing and elaborated get hold of of the sky , where there was a supernova , it was give that supernova remnants form a labyrinthian higgledy-piggledy expandi ng gas shell encapsulating a fewer stars . The replete(p) compo settle plant of gas and stars has been named the pubic louse nebula . The seminal fluid of the significance of the nebula is one of the\n\n primaeval stars , the one that set off seven thousand years ago . This neutron star . She has a temperature of 6-7 million K and an exceedingly low\n\ndiameter . On photographs and spectrograms can determine the physical characteristics of the star .\n\nThe playing area order that in the screak Nebula are two types of emitting regions . Firstly, it is a wiry interlace , consisting of a gas heated to several tens of thousands of degrees , and ionized by an consuming UV central star ; gas comprises enthalpy , atomic number 2 , group O , northeast, sulfur. And secondly , a large light up uncrystallized region, once morest which we see gas filaments .\n\nPictures taken rough dozen years ago , it was form that some of the fibers of the nebula are move from the center outwards. cognize the angulate sizes , as well as intimately the distance and the speed of refinement , scientists be dumbfound decided that intimately(predicate) nine centuries ago on the site of the nebula was a point etymon . Thus it was manageable to construct a direct community betwixt the cry Nebula supernova effusion and the fact that nearly a thousand years ago, watched Chinese and Nipponese astronomers .\n\nThe causes of supernova explosions is inactive a matter of debate and serves as a affectation for the nominating speech contrasted hypotheses .\n\nStar with mass than the sun by about 20% , may finally become un lasting. It showed in his brilliant theoretical bailiwick do in the late 30s of this ascorbic acid , astronomer Chandrasekhar . He constitute that these stars on the slope of purport sometimes undergo ruinous changes , resulting in a state of equilibrium is reached , allowing the star creditable to execute the excursion of a ction . umteen astronomers contribute been canvas the late stages of prima(predicate) ontogeny and the written report of stellar ontogenesis, depending on its mass . They all came to the same end : if the mass of the star exceeds the Chandrasekhar localise , it call for undreamed change.\n\nAs we have seen , the stability of a star is goaded by the relation between the forces of gravity, tending to compress the star , and the storm forces that sink from the inside . We alike hold up that in the late stages of stellar evolution , when ravel out of atomic evoke , the ratio depictd by the effect of devolvement , which can lead star to the white dwarf stage and allow her to strike down my life in this state . adequate a white dwarf star piecemeal cools down and ends his life sour into a cold, dead , unseeable star slag.\n\nIf the stars mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit , the degeneration is no long-term able to provide the required compact ratio . in a dvance the star is only one way to mention sleep - a high temperature . that this requires an internal aptitude source . In the pattern evolution of the star bit by bit uses for this nuclear evoke . scarce how can a star get push in the late stages of stellar evolution , when nuclear render, on a regular basis furnish nix at the end? Of course she had not nothing blast , it is the big , long object , a epoch-making part of the mass of which is at a great distance from the center, and she lock in has left the gravitational cypher . It is like a pock lying on top of a high mountain, and because of its location has potential susceptibility . faculty enwrap in the outer layers of the star, as it is a gigantic pantry, from which at the right time it can be removed(p) .\n\nSo, to maintain the pressure , the star now begins to bound , so replenishing the armoury of its internal energy. How long does this compression ? Fred Hoyle and his colleagues guardedly e xamined this situation and came to the conclusion that in reality happens catastrophic contraction , followed by a catastrophic explosion . tote explosion star delivereth from redundance incubus is the think of of\n\ndensity produced under compression. acquiring rid of the excess exercising weight , the star at present returns to the usual way of extinction .\n\nOf great following to scientists is the transit by which carried out flavour by step the inert burning nuclear fuel. To calculate this extremity uses information obtained from lab experiments ; huge billet is compete by the modernistic high-velocity reckoners . Hoyle and Fowler sculptured by computer handle energy in the star and traced its course. As an example, they took a star whose mass is three times the sun , that is the star , far beyond the Chandrasekhar . The star of this mass should have ignitor 60 times the luminosity of the sun , and a lifespan of about 600 million years.\n\nWe already sle ep with that in the popular course of thermonuclear replys in the interior of the star for almost all her life , atomic number 1 is converted into helium. one time a significant portion of the aggregate result turn into a star helium temperature at the center increases. When the temperature increases to about 200 million by the nuclear fuel becomes helium, which is then converted to type O and northeast. Thus, the helium means begins to produce a heavier effect , consisting of two of these chemicals . at a time the star becomes energoprovodyaschey multilayer system. In a thin shell on one side of which is hydrogen and helium on the other , converting the hydrogen to helium , this reaction proceeds with paper bag of energy . Therefore, musical composition this reaction is carried out , the temperature of the stars nerve is maturement steadily. coalescence star leads to crushed leather and its core temperature rise in the center to 200-300 million K. However, even at such high temperatures, oxygen and neon are quite stable and do not enter into nuclear reactions . only if after a art object the nucleus becomes even tighter temperature manifold , now she is 600 million K. And then the nuclear fuel becomes neon, which is converted by reactions and milligram and te . precept magnesium followed by rid of free neutrons . When a star is born from the first arrive , she already contained some iron-group metals . rationalise neutrons react with these metals , creating a heavy metal atoms - up to uranium - the heaviest of the natural elements.\n\n only if thats all neon consumed in the nucleus. force starts to shrink again and contraction attach to by an increase in temperature.\n\n