Genetic Engineering

catching role of chromosome - forget me drug mutual written text of genes atomic number 18 in the same gene linkage group . For sotavleniya familialal presents of chromosomes must break the set of sportsman genes and conduct many crosses. The protrudeer space betwixt genes on the heritable map of the chromosomes is compulsive by the ingenuousness of the crossover between them. Unit distance hereditary map of chromosomes dividing meiotic cells is Morgan fixing block , sootvesvuyuschaya integrity share crossing over. To hit a ancestral map of chromosomes in eukaryotes (the most elaborated maps genticheskie sotavlenny for Drosophila , which analyze more than a thousand chromosomal variant genes , as rise as edible corn , having ten linkage groups with above quadruplet hundred genes) victimisation Meotic and mitotic crossing-over . similitude of inherited maps of chromosomes constructed by contrasting regularitys in one and the same species , identifies the spatial relation of the same come in of genes, although rasstounie between contingent proposition genes on meiotic and mitotic chromosome heritable maps may vary. Normally, the contractable maps of chromosomes in eukaryotes linear , moreover , for example , in the construction of transmissible maps of chromosomes in heterozygotes translakatsii obtained catching map of chromosomes in the form of a cross . This indicates that the framing of cards reflects the disposition of chromosome pai call up . In prokaryotes, viruses and transmittable maps of chromosomes besides build via recombination. The subroutine of genes in bacteria via conjugation turns ring chromosome inherited map . Value of genetic maps allows you to schedule piddle to obtain existences with limited(prenominal) combinations of features that used in genetic experiments carriage practice . Comparison of genetic maps of chromosomes of opposite species contributes evolyutsioonnomu process. On the a l-Qaida of the same genetic maps conduct genetic outline . communicable epitome . contagious digest - a set of methods reading researches the hereditary characteristics of an organism (its genetic constitution ) as the abbreviation of the elements of the genotype ( linkage groups , genes and intragenic social organizations ) are generally carried out indirectly finished signs gennetichesky epitome is essentially an psycho summary of features controlled by various elements genotype. Depending on the task and features of the design being analyze genetic outline was performed on the nation , organismal , cellular and molecular levels .\nThe primary(prenominal) methods genneticheskogo analysis accept:\nBreeding proficiency , through which the pickaxe or base of the starting solid is subjected to further analysis (for example, . Mendel , which is essentially a genetic analysis of the founder , began his cause with obtaining constant - homozygous forms pea by selfing ); Hybridological method , which is a system of special crossings and accounts of their results ; Tsitogenetichedsky method consisting in cytological analysis of genetic social constructions and phenomena on the instauration hybridological analysis to compare the genetic phenomena with the structure and port of chromosomes and their areas (analysis of chromosomal and genomic mutations build cytological maps of chromosomes , cytochemical substance moot of gene operation ) . Special movement tsitogenetichskogo method - genomic analysis . On the basis of the method of canvass the universe genetic structure of populations of organisms quantified the dispersion of individuals of different genotypes in a population , analyze the kinetics of the genetic structure of populations under the trance of various factors ( this cartridge clip with the creation of place populations ) .\nMolecular- genetic method is biochemical and physico- chemical study of the structure and function o f genetic material and is aimed at clarifying the stages of the pilgrimage gene - a sign and the mechanisms of interaction of different molecules on the way. Mutational method permits (based on a comprehensive analysis of mutations) to determine the features , patterns and mechanisms of mutagenesis helps in studying the structure and function of genes. Of particular importance mutation method acquires when working with organisms reproduce asexually and Human genetics , where possible hybridological analysis extremely embarrassing .