Number of Days Necessary for a New Habit to Form free essay sample

Introduction – Existing Papers’ Theories Habits are routines of behaviour inherently relevant to every single human. They are â€Å"repeated regularly and tend to occur subconsciously. Habitual behaviour often goes unnoticed in persons exhibiting it, because a person does not need to engage in self-analysis when undertaking routine tasks. Habituation is an extremely simple form of learning, in which an organism, after a period of exposure to a stimulus, stops responding to that stimulus in varied manners.The process by which new behaviors become automatic is habit formation. † (Wikipedia, 2012) Throughout the years, different people have come up with different research findings that proposing different number of days of repetition required for this habit to be cultivated. So what exactly is the number of days required to form a habit? 21, 40, 66? To find an answer to this, let us first look at a few of these great theories and research findings proposed. 1. 1. 21-Days Habit Theory—Dr Maxwell MaltzThis whole buzz about habit creation is believed to have been initiated by Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Number of Days Necessary for a New Habit to Form or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Maxwell Maltz in his book titled Psycho-Cybernetics. Dr Maltz introduced the 21-day period needed to forming a habit by repeatedly doing something for 21 days without any break in between. Initially, he noticed it took 21 days for amputees to cease feeling phantom sensations in the amputated limb. Further research found that brain circuits take engrams (memory traces), and produce neuroconnections and neuropathways only if they are bombarded for 21 days in a row.This means that our brain does not accept new data for a change of habit unless it is repeated each day for 21 days (without missing a day). Thus, he concluded that it took 21 days to create a new habit (Psycho-Cybernetics, 1971). The essence of the technique Maltz proposed is simply to spend 15 minutes a day engaging in the actions of any habit you wish to create, and repeating this routine faithfully for 21 days. By the fourth week, it should become very natural to continue doing it. If you miss a day, just keep going until youve been doing the new behaviour for 21 days in a row.Maltz proposed that this method is applicable to all kinds of habits, be it a physical practice of jogging or a cognitive perception, like self image for instance. He noticed a significant portion of his customers still retaining a poor self image even though the plastic surgery they had undergone had already improved their appearance. This prompted him to work with his clients self image before the surgery, by using the same 21-day period to create changes in their mindset. Surprisingly, he discovered he could assist them to acquire an improved self image without surgery. . 2. 40-Days Habit Theory—Ancient Scriptures According to yoga teachings and the book Yoga for Women, it is believed that it takes 40 days to change a bad habit into a positive one, 90 days to confirm the new habit in you, and 120 days to allow the new habit to 1 become who you are (Yoga for Women, 2002). One hundred seventy-six students from twelve different states and four countries participated in Chicago for a 40-days meditation, as they believe that it takes 40 days for this habit of meditation to become completely integrated into the subconscious mind. Many ancient scriptures wrote that 40 days is a length of time required for enacting change. If one is consistent with the practice, he can clear old subconscious patterns, set up new positive patterns and change your life for the better. 1. 3. 66 Days Habit Theory—Phillippa Lally A very recent new research by Phillippa Lally and colleagues from the Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre proposed that one needs at least 66 days of repeated behaviour on average in order to establish a habit. However, the range, Lally found, is anywhere from 18 to over 254 days. To investigate the process of habit formation in everyday life, 96 volunteers chose an eating, drinking or activity behaviour to carry out daily in the same context (for example ‘after breakfast’) for 12 weeks. They completed the self-report habit index (SRHI) each day and recorded whether they carried out the behaviour. The majority (82) of participants increases in automaticity were examined over the study period. Nonlinear regressions fitted an asymptotic curve to each individuals automaticity scores over the 84 days.The model fitted for 62 individuals, of whom 39 showed a good fit. Performing the behaviour more consistently was associated with better model fit. The time it took participants to reach 95% of their asymptote of automaticity ranged from 18 to 254 days; indicating considerable variation in how long it takes people to reach their limit of automaticity and highlighting that it can take a very long time. Missing one opportunity to perform the behaviour did not materially affect the habit formation process. With repetition of a behaviour in a consistent context, automaticity increases following an asymptotic curve which can be modelled at the individual level. † (Phillippa Lally, 2009-2010) Lally also discovered that the behaviour for first habit formation is cue-dependent. In order to carry out a behaviour you want to establish as a habit, you need an exposure to a cue that serves as a â€Å"reminder† to perform the action. Such cues can be either situational, (such as your environment or location) or contextual (based on something else that you do).A situational cue example would be a toothbrush or a sink in cueing you to brush your teeth. Contextual cues include performance location, preceding actions in a sequence, other people associated with the habit (Verplanken, et al. , 1998; Wood ; Neal, 2007), specific time of day, and even particular mood (Wood, Tam, ; Witt, 2005). A contextual cue example for remembering to eat a piece of fruit before eating breakfast every morning would be getting out of bed in the morning or reaching the time of day when you’re about to eat breakfast. Phillippa Lally, 2009-2010) 1. 4. Other findings about habits Ann Graybiel of MIT’s McGovern Institute has shown through research why old habits die hard after conducting experiments using a rat and placing a chocolate as a reward at the end of one of the 2 pathway, using audible tones as cues indicating which arm of the maze contains the reward. Subsequently, the reward was removed, and later on put back after some time but the rat still retains memory of that habit, and picks it up instantly.According to Graybiel, â€Å"Neurons can change their firing patterns when habits are learned, but it is startling to find that these patterns reverse when the habit is lost, only to recur again as soon as something kicks off the habit again, That is why it is so easy to p ick back up negative addictions like smoking and drinking, but also why if you establish good habits but lose them, you can kick them back up much easier as well. Our brain retains a memory of the habit context, and this pattern can be triggered if the right habit cues come back. This situation is familiar to anyone who is trying to lose weight or to control a well-engrained habit. Just the sight of a piece of chocolate cake can reset all those good intentions. † (Delude, 2005) 1. 5. Papers’ Proposed Factors Affecting Effectiveness of Habit Formation One factor affecting the effectiveness of formation of the habit is the consistency of the time at which you repeat the behaviour. Maltz proposed that it will help if the behaviour being repeated, such as jogging, is performed at the same time of day every day.On the other hand, although Lally also proposes that consistency is essential in the effectiveness of habit formation, her method is more flexible in the sense that one can actually skip a day without having to restart the day count, only that you have go right back to performing the desired action the next day. Another factor proposed by Maltz is the use of other senses to establish the habit. For example, if to establish the habit of meditating, you can reinforce the practice by wearing the same clothing, burning the same incense, occupying the same location, and assuming the same posture.The more senses you can involve in the new habit, the more likely it is to become ingrained in the neural pathways, so, even if youre working on your self image in a mental construct, its helpful to use all the faculties of your imagination to include sights, sounds, smells, and the senses of feeling and taste to strengthen the image which you come to associate with your new self image. In other words, make it seem as real as possible. (PsychoCybernetics, 1971). 3 2. 0. Aspects of Habit Formation used in Marketing

Critically discuss the difference between activity Essays

Critically discuss the difference between activity Essays Critically discuss the difference between activity Essay Critically discuss the difference between activity Essay Critically discuss the difference between activity based costing and throughput accounting.IntroductionChanging external concern environment has resulted in farther developments in the tools and techniques used for direction accounting. Traditional direction accounting techniques had certain restrictions associated with them, for case, soaking up bing methods have been found to be inappropriate in the modern environment. Similarly, standard costing’ suitableness with regard to its general doctrine and detailed operations has come under terrible unfavorable judgment. It is believed that traditional direction accounting public presentation steps can bring forth the incorrect type of response. As a response to the restrictions of traditional accounting techniques, activity based attacks has gained important reputation.The undermentioned paper will measure the activity based bing attack and effort to foreground the built-in differences between activity based costing and throughput accounting attack.In the instance of activity based attacks, the focal point is on the activities that the concern carries out as opposed to how the activities have traditionally been organised into separate maps. Activity based costing was therefore developed because it was realised that older methods like soaking up costing, which used labor hours as the footing for absorbing operating expenses, did non supply utile in formation about the cost drivers, in other words it did non reply for the inquiry what was doing the operating expenses to be incurred in the first topographic point.By and large, Activity Based Costing ( ABC ) is defined as an accounting technique that allows an organisation to find the existent cost associated with each merchandise and service produced by the organisation without respect to the organisational construction. Amongst assorted benefits associated with the ABC attack one of the major 1s is that it helps to specify the activities of the administration in footings of value adding activities. In other words, as a consequence of ABC it is easy to place which activities add value to the administration. Designation of non-value adding activities helps in placing where clip, attempt and money are being wasted and unneeded costs being incurred.The undermentioned diagram illustrates the procedure by which Activity based bing adds value to the concern.Beginning:ABC bing from res ources through activities to objects ( Paasovaara 1996 ) .Advantages associated with activity-based attack are many. More by and large it is said that activity based costing recognises the built-in complexnesss faced by many concerns in the present twenty-four hours, which consequences in the concerns holding multiple cost drivers, many of them are dealing based instead than volume based.. These complexnesss arise due to concerns now holding a broader merchandise scope and the concern environment in general is more volatile and unpredictable. It is farther argued that activity based analysis provides a more meaningful analysis of costs which provide a better footing for pricing determinations, merchandise mix determinations, design determinations and production determinations. Besides activity based analysis is concerned with all overhead costs, including the costs of the non-factory floor maps ( merchandise design, quality control, production planning, gross revenues order planning and client service ) and non merely factory-floor operating expenses ; therefore it takes cost accounting beyond the traditional mill floor boundaries. In add-on activity based costing helps in placing the causes of additions in costs and therefore it further helps in cut downing costs. ABC can be used in carry oning client profitableness analysis.Despite the advantages associated with activity based bing a figure of unfavorable judgments have been identified. Theorists have argued that the costs of obtaining and construing the new information may be clip devouring activity, therefore it has been suggested that activity based analysis must merely be introduced when there are commissariats in the administration to pull off information to utilize in be aftering and/or control determinations. Second, it has been criticised on the evidences that many operating expenses do non associate either to volume or to complexness and diverseness. Severe unfavorable judgments were besides raised with the underlying rule of ABC, which is that activity causes cost. Advocates of this point of view argue that determinations cause cost or the transition of clip causes costs or that there may non be any one clear cause of cost.Throughput accounting is an alternate to be accounting based on Standard or Activity Based Costing ( ABC ) proposed by Eliyahu M. Goldratt. Throughput accounting claims to better direction determinations by utilizing measurings that more closely reflect the consequence of determinations on three critical pecuniary variables. It has originated from the Theory of restraints.Throughput accounting is an attack to accounting, which is mostly in understanding with the Just-In-Time doctrine. In kernel, Throughput Accounting assumes that a director has a given set of resources available. These comprise of bing edifices, capital equipment and labour force. Using these resources, purchased stuffs and parts must be processed to bring forth gross revenues gross. Theref ore, harmonizing to Goldratt and Cox ( 1984 ) , given the above scenario, the most appropriate fiscal aim to put for making this is the maximization of throughput, which is defined as, gross revenues gross less direct stuff cost.Harmonizing to Noreenet. Al (1995) ,there are three constructing blocks in Goldratt’s theory viz. , throughput [ 1 ] , runing disbursals [ 2 ] and assets [ 3 ] ( Goldratt 1990 ) . and Net income is measured by throughput subtraction operating disbursals and profitableness by net incomes divided by assets. ( Goldratt A ; Cox 1992. ) .Directors are therefore motivated to use the theory of restraints ( TOC ) because it presents them with a new dimension of concentrating their energies on cost decrease instead than on net income sweetening. From this position TOC is considered simple.The official definition of throughput is gross minus entire variable costs. However, some companies exclude all the other disbursals, such as the variable merchandising and transportation costs, sing direct stuff the most important factor. Therefore, a simplified version of throughput accounting is besides used. The seeable difference between conventional and throughput accounting is the handling of direct labor, which is considered as a fixed cost. The variable cost nature of direct labor seems to be more a historical reminder than modern-day world. In many companies, labour cost is, in practise, treated as a fixed cost. ( Noreenet Al.1995. )Noreenet.al( 1995 ) cited the illustration where Throughput Accounting has been successfully applied besides with ABC. Southwestern Ohio Steel has implemented a pricing theoretical account based on ABC and Throughput Accounting. This theoretical account has been used to analyze and warrant fabricating cycle-time betterments. ( Campbell 1995 ) .Fritzsch ( 1997 ) argues that the indispensable difference between throughput accounting and ABC lies in the clip skyline. ABC is recommended for strategic planning whilst, throughput accounting plants better to run into short-run intents. As the clip skylines addition, the solutions produced by throughput accounting Begin to look more and more like those produced by conventional cost accounting techniques. Applications of ABC in strategic planning look to be good documented.It must be noted that ABC and Throughput Accounting are based on differing sets of premises that have an implicitly different clip skyline therefore claims of high quality of one attack over the other should be abandoned. It is nevertheless, possible to utilize both attacks together to accomplish appropriate consequences.Some research workers claim that Throughput Accounting attack requires less informations and attempt than ABC. It is farther argued that Throughput Accounting is easier to implement and run ; it sometimes provides deficient information to steer direction determinations. A frequent inquiry is whether ABC is worth the cost or whether the TOC attack will be sufficient Harmonizing to Etienne du Plooy [ 4 ],Throughput Accounting is differentiated from all other types of bing systems because merely the costs that are genuinely variable and identifiable to merchandises, are allocated to the merchandises or services produced. These costs are called Totally Variable Costss ( TVC ) . All other costs that are non clearly variable with the measure of merchandises or services produced are pooled into Operating Expenses ( OE ) . These costs which must besides be recovered are non allocated to merchandises. As Throughput is the rate at which the system generates money, and is calculated by deducting the TVC from the merchandising monetary value of merchandises, Throughput Accounting puts the public presentation steps required to maximize concern chance in topographic point and therefore enables direction to take immediate disciplinary action when necessary.It has been farther argued by Noreenet.al( 1995 ) by that the ABC attack yields the same activity for t he fresh capacity information that Throughput Accounting outputs. As a consequence of following operating disbursals to merchandises and to fresh capacity, an ABC income statement provides extra information refering the per unit profitableness of each merchandise that a Throughput Accounting income statement entirely would non supply.Throughput Accounting has been considered as a perfect complement for many attacks such as the Theory Of Constraints and Total Quality Management ( TQM ) . It is strongly believed that both labors and capital productiveness are increased when Throughput Accounting is applied in administrations. It does non take to inventory build-ups. It is considered more utile for direction decision-making. It is closer to a hard currency flow construct of income and in its purest signifier it is based on the hard currency flows of minutess. It is applicable to any endeavor that has restraints. It is comparatively cheap yet highly effectual. It systematically provides the right information for effectual decision-making. It brings the administration closer to its end.To explicate the difference between activity based costing and throughput accounting an illustration has been provided: ABC takes the information used in throughput accounting and adds pecuniary values. ABC differs from Throughput Accounting in that it traces resource costs to activities. After resource costs have been traced to activities, one divides the activity cost ( required by ABC ) by the activity capacity ( required by Throughput Accounting and ABC ) to get at the activity-charging rate ( required by ABC ) . Following, that activity-charging rate is multiplied by the measure of the activity costs driver demanded by each merchandise from each activity ( required by Throughput Accounting and ABC ) . Based on the budgeted figure of units produced, each activity’s budgeted production cost is compared to that activity’s budgeted capacity costs to get at the costs of fresh capacity for that activity ( expressed in fiscal sums by ABC and in non-financial sums by TOC ) . [ 5 ] gt ; From the predating paragraphs it can be concluded that Activity based costing and throughput accounting attacks can be used together to accomplish the best possible consequences for the administration. Despite the built-in differences in the two attacks, they are both indispensable direction accounting techniques, which will assist the directors to do sound determinations sing the future growing of the administration. Therefore in decision it can be said ABC and throughput accounting are both needed to accomplish the long term corporate aims and for direction comptrollers to get at sound managerial determinations associating to profitableness of the concern.[ 1 ] Eliyahu M. Goldratt and Jeff Cox,The Goal,2nd Revised Edition, North River Press, Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y.[ 2 ] Jay S. Holmen,ABC vs. TOC: it’s a affair of clip, Management Accounting ( USA ) , Jan 1995 v 76 n7 p37 ( 4 )[ 3 ] John B. MacArthur,From activity-based bing to throughput accounting, Management Accounting ( USA ) ,April 1996 v77 n10 p30 ( 5 )[ 4 ] John H. Sheridan,Throughput with a Capital T’ , Industry Week,March 4, 1991[ 5 ] Richard V. C. , Eugene J. C. , and Gerald E. C., Beware the New Accounting Myths, Management Accounting, December 1989, pp.41-45.[ 6 ] Robin Cooper, Regine Slagmulder,Integrating activity-based costing and the theory of restraints,Management Accounting ( USA ) , Feb 1999 v80 i8 p20 ( 2 )[ 7 ] Robin Cooper, Robert Kaplan,Activity-Based Systems: Measuring the Costss of Resource Use, Accounting Horizons, September 1992, pp. 1-13.1

A Feminist Examination of Pride and Prejudice Research Paper

A Feminist Examination of Pride and Prejudice - Research Paper Example Defining women in these terms has served to benefit men in all arenas, in the political, public, and private realms, while making this divide between the genders appear as a natural given that has always existed, throughout time. The ideology of gender has successfully placed women into a box, in which their voices are silenced, and their actions are rendered trivial, and thus invisible, or are highly scrutinized, and thus punished. However, the realization that the category of ‘woman’ is a social construction and not a biological imperative gave rise to a myriad of feminist theories that endeavored to locate and deconstruct â€Å"predominantly male cultural paradigms,† while salvaging women’s experiences from the wreckage of traditional historical and literary criticism that ignored, silenced and marginalized them (Green and Kahn 1). At the center of the male cultural paradigm is the power to create and recreate meaning from a male perspective, however unilateral or skewed it may be; de Beauvoir argues that the â€Å"representation of the world, like the world itself, is the work of men; they describe it from their own point of view, which they confuse with the absolute truth† (qtd. in MacKinnon 537). Men have used this power to name, and thus own, everything from the beginning of time; in the Genesis story of creation, not only was Eve created from Adam’s rib, she was also named by Adam, and accordingly, she became perceived as his property. This ability to create and recreate meaning is deeply entrenched in telling stories, most conventionally known as the writing of history, which has been dominated by men, who have written about men for men. Feminists have argued that, as a result of being able to write things into existence, men wield an uncontrollable amount of power to write the female body into a multitude of oppressed roles, and through systemic racism, sexist, heterosexism, and classicist domination, women have been

Superdry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Superdry - Essay Example This, however, does not translate to the fact that enterprises did not employ business models before this renewed wave of interest, but rather that, the business model did not carry much weight as it is does today. Arguably, the latest advancement in information and communication technologies coupled with the wave of globalization has sparked the recent attention in business model innovation and business model design. In fact, the so-called â€Å"e-businesses† comprise new business models (Riley, 2009). Shafer, Linder and Smith (2005) postulates that majority of these models are related to e-business. Certainly, other forces have been at play in the recent development in business models such as forces resulting from deregulation and increased consumer awareness. New strategies for forces of competition in globally emerging markets have also accelerated researchers and practitioners towards the systematic study of business models (Grant, 2001). Most academics study concurs that, for companies to be successful in such different and ever dynamic environments, it is imperative to come up with innovative business models (John, 2008). In point of fact, globally motivated enterprises that aim to reach the top ladder in the global markets must find business innovations and model an important constituent (McWilliams, 2000). Therefore, it is precisely right to state that, for an organization to thrive in the current dynamic markets, the management must have hands on skills in business models. In this regard, this study will attempt to look at various models that can be used by Super Dry in the endeavor to become a globally competitive fashion industry (IBM, 2006). Superdry owes its existence to a British international corporation, Super Group Plc. The Superdry products include fashion and clothing line designed in Americana styling inspired with Japanese

Science and Society Essay Example for Free

Science and Society Essay Science has come a long way since the existence of man. It made several breakthroughs that made life on earth more convenient and profitable. Science has advanced knowledge and applications in medicine, transportation, environment, space, technology and others. More so, it has provided solutions to many problems of mankind as well as offered opportunities that have enhanced the purpose of man on earth. But all of these would not be possible if humans have not utilized their capability to innovate and discover new things. In the modern society, majority of the people became highly dependent on science to help them navigate their lives. Without science, people would be at lost in the complexities of the world Moreover, it is a fact that science has influenced how humans live, interact and think. It has become an indicator of a countrys power and wealth. Because of this, global leaders strive to develop science in their own territory to gain worldwide status as a powerhouse nation. More so, having citizens who are well versed in science would be very advantageous for any country in achieving development and success. Also, in the saying â€Å"two heads are better than one,† suggests that the greater the number of people who are involved in the process, the more likely that the result would be notable and substantial. In this case, many minds can contribute to the amplification of scientific knowledge that can be of general significance. As a result, their outputs can deliver a contemporary understanding of the relationship between science and society and cultivate a superior quality of existence and a

How The Nuclear Agenda Influenced American Popular Culture History Essay

How The Nuclear Agenda Influenced American Popular Culture History Essay August 6th, 1945, ushered in the beginning of a new era, one to be forever known as the Atomic Age. The dropping of the worlds first atom bomb over Hiroshima signalled a defining moment in human history. From that moment on the nuclear agenda would come to influence not only international affairs, but the everyday lives of people all around the world. The 17 year period from 1945-62 saw huge changes for American society, in particular the development and expansion of popular culture. How in fact popular culture was influenced by this new nuclear agenda holds the basis for this essay. It will focus on both the direct influences of a new atomic culture, as well as the indirect influences that a new nuclear world had on the popular arts. For the purpose of this essay it is essential to have a working definition for popular culture, in this instance popular culture will be defined as a commercial culture based on popular tastes. From Hollywood movies to comic books, a new nuclear technol ogy became an important characteristic in portraying the lives of everyday Americans. Along with a new kind of nuclear diplomacy theses influences would show themselves in some of the greatest pieces of twentieth century popular culture. What this meant for a nuclear generation and how it showed the signs of a cultural revival will be additional themes to explore. The atomic bomb revolutionised American life. In all areas economic, social, political it challenged old assumptions and forced reconsideration of accepted standards (Winkler, 1999: 9). The dropping of the first atomic bomb on that historic day insured at least one thing, a changed world. Rosenblatt neatly describes it, as a moment where nothing has ever been the same since. From that moment everything changed: subsequent wars, subsequent peace, art, culture, the position of science, the role of the military, international politics, and the conduct of lives; all changed. Other ages in history were characterized by heroes or by ideas. The atomic age is characterized by a weapon and a threat. (Rosenblatt, 2005:1) The end to fighting in World War II brought a period of relative peace in which popular culture was allowed to flourish. Boyer (1985) reveals that this new popular culture encompassed most areas of recreational life, although there were many alterations in interests and tastes. During the 50s and 60s particularly, popular culture appealed to a younger generation who had become an increasingly significant social group. Rock nRoll had become the main focal point for a young generation, and the novel realization of breaking away from childhood, caused the teenagers to become a defined social group in their own right. Teenagers began to reject the old fashioned attitudes and conventions of their parents and rebel against conformity. As stated by Shapiro (2002) this new generation of teenagers started developing a culture from the American teenage way of life, and alongside the behaviour got themselves part-time jobs to help them earn money to spend on movies, fashion, music and other ent ertainment. Boyer (1985) agrees adding that teenagers could now secure a good amount of money for their wants and needs like making trips to the movies and the purchasing of commercial goods, which became big business for the advertisement and film industries, which duly swooped in on their opportunities. Films which were produced and targeted by the teenage audience solely served to unite the teenage image more extensively. With films like Rebel without a Cause (1954) and The Wild One (1953) movies presented a separate image for the teenage rebel. The indirect effect of a growing nuclear agenda, seemingly allowed a world free from direct military conflict to find its voice again. War time popular culture had been heavily centred around the war effort, yet in this brief period popular culture begun to revolutionise. It became increasingly important for a post World War II America to enjoy this time of relative peace. Subsequently this saw a huge rise in a new consumerism in which tr ends and fashions; that had seemingly been put on hold during the war years, could dominate popular culture once again. The changing dynamics of a nuclear agenda began to have a more direct influence on popular culture, this period created what Zeman and Admundson (2004) call the early atomic culture. This distinct period saw an escalation in the nuclear agendas influence on the shaping of popular culture. Both the enthusiasm and fear surrounding new nuclear weapons would be portrayed in this expansive new arena. From the secrecy of the Manhattan Project to its introduction on a world stage in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, this new technology offset an atomic culture. It would be wrong to say that after its first military use the bomb became a subject for fear and anxiety. In truth the majority of Americans at that time were unaware nuclear weapons even existed. For many this was the weapon that had ended the war, saved thousands of American lives and brought forward a longed for epoch of peace. As Winkler agrees, Americans first reaction overwhelmingly was one of euphoria and the bomb became celebrated in popular culture in a well-liked country western song, When the Atom Bomb Fell, recorded in December 1945, which attested to this view as it declared the bomb the answer to our fighting prayers boys(in Zeman and Amundson, 2004:3). Many Americans set aside lurking fears of the new nuclear weapon as they contemplated the golden age of abundance that beckoned after World War II. They were further persuaded by the speeches of President Truman who hailed the atomic bomb as a god given tremendous discovery and one to bring together one human community. Others like David Lilienthal where also quick to speak out over the limitless beneficial applications of atomic energy (Winkler, 1999: 137). The atomic bomb continued throughout the period to be closely linked with its positive benefits and government programs attempted to educate the public about the science behind the bomb. An educational video produced by none other than Walt Disney was commissioned in 1957 entitled Our Friend the Atom, which attempted to demonstrate the benefits of the nuclear age and the wonder of this new technology. This film was shown in schools throughout America and became increasingly significant in showing nuclear power in a favourable lig ht. Other videos such as A is for Atom sponsored and paid for by General Electric were also produced to try and help explain the benefits of nuclear technology. This is not to say that the dropping of the bomb in Hiroshima went unnoticed. As mention by Gamson; H.V.Kaltenborn, the dean of radio news commentators, warned his NBC audience on the very same day, For all we know we have created a Frankenstein! We must assume that with the passage of only a little time, an improved form of the new weapon we use today can be turned against us. (1987:15) The continued promotion of the nuclear agenda also expanded to the American commercial markets, and the wonders of the bomb became tied in with consumerism. 1946 saw the General Mills Corporation expansion into Atomic Bomb Rings with the Kix cereal boxtop. Advertised as a gleaming aluminium warhead, see real atoms SPLIT cried the advert, and some 750,000 American children inundated General Mills for their own Atomic Bomb Ring. Boyer (1985) identifies this move from a promotional premium, to that which actually premeditated several cultural themes that would obsess America in the years ahead. Another example from Boyer reveals that only days after the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima, retail shops were offering atomic sales and products offering atomic results. (1985: 9) This type of cultural consumerism seems void of the true fear that would come to surround the nuclear agenda. Instead it highlights the apparent ease into which America welcomed the birth of the atomic bomb; although this was not always the case. This period in American history coincided with attempts at a new world order and the emergence of the United States as a global superpower. Political, social, economic and ideological issues became not only domestic but international issues. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan in particular were set up to help fund an American friendly Europe. The movement of the nuclear agenda began to change with the American foreign policy of Containment, an uneasy separation both geographically and ideological, which would see Churchill talk up fears of an Iron Curtain. These international fears would spark a concern of a superpower rivalry and after the Soviet tests of 1949; two countries with conflicting ideologies now had the most destructive weapon ever invented. Hollywood was quick in using the new found nuclear agenda for film ideas. The Manhattan project was dramatized in the 1947 film The Beginning or the End, one of the first of several films on the subject. The film tackled the creation of the atomic bomb and its subsequent use in both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Filmmakers saw this new nuclear agenda, as a story waiting to be told. One of the trailers produced at the time to promote the film showed an interviewer asking movie goers for their thoughts on what theyd just seen. You cant ignore this picture one women said and the most important motion picture I have ever seen said another. These along with taglines such as the men, the magic the machines saw an increased interest in the development of the bomb. The subject matter was of course both dramatic and dangerously fascinating to a new generation. It talked about the secrecy behind the Manhattan Project and the destructive power behind the bomb. It led many to pose questions in particu lar like that within the films title; was this the beginning or the end? The film industry could now see the need and want of the people to know about the bomb. Much of the film was of course a sensationalised view, and alot of what the Manhattan Project was actually about was unknown by those making the films. Although the sentiment and an increased interest around the bomb would see that the nuclear agenda would continue to influence film. A particular genre within Hollywood that would see a rise in popularity at this time was film noir. As Kakutani identifies in the wake of World War II and with anxieties created by the dawning of the atomic age, film noir a sometimes nihilistic genre became galvanised. The likes of Kiss Me Deadly and Fallen Angel found success at the box office. The genre with its partiality to outsiders and deeply rebellious themes inevitably appeared and emblematized at a time of deep stress. (2001: 1) These kinds of Hollywood films began to show a prevailing attitude that the nuclear agenda had brought about. Hunner (in Zeman and Amundson) describes the nuclear agenda as a totally new age, one full of promise and peril. People searched for a new way of living under this new age thus creating this new culture. And the reason why the nuclear agenda began to find its way into popular culture had a lot to do with the changing nature of nuclear importance. From the creation of the atom bomb moving to the advances with the first nuclear power plant, the science behind the bomb began to spread to new technologies. Nuclear powered aeroplanes and submarines were just some of the uses that that the Unites States found for nuclear energy. Even with these new advances a key turning point for the bomb would come in 1949. Zeman and Amundson (2004) identify this development from the early atomic culture morphing into the high atomic culture of 1949 to 1963. The following years were seemingly different from the earlier phases, as one key turning point would stress. This period saw the American nuclear mo nopoly which had been expected to last until the 1960s, come to an abrupt end in August of 1949. The Soviets after Hiroshima had been working from the American design to build an atom bomb for itself, and the first Soviet test in Kazakhstan steppe signalled a build up of arms. The Soviet atomic test ensured a changing nuclear agenda from the wonder of technology to a characterization of an enemy. A two superpower world would change the very nature of popular culture. The change in nuclear agenda saw an alteration in the types of films being produced in Hollywood. In the 1950s and 1960s, a number of movies attempted to make social commentaries on the war. As Day reveals Films like On the Beach, Fail Safe and The Bedford Incident all took a grim tone about humanitys future, wagging a finger at world leaders who held the fate of the world in their hands and implying that words like democracy and communism had little meaning when the world was teetering on the brink of Armageddon. (Day, 2004: 1). The shift in agenda also introduced the introduction of the B movies which entertained the fear of mutilation. Films such as Them where giant ants mutated by atomic radiation threaten US cities in the South West, and Attack of the Crab Monster were becoming increasingly popular to an American audience. The links to events in the international community such as the nuclear accident in Castle Bravo and Chelyabinsk in 1957 brought about a sense of anxiety. The idea of being exposed to dangerous levels of radiation further influenced the idea of mutation. One of the most recognised films of this period and one that would inspire numerous re-makes was Godzilla. The original Hollywood version in 1954 is considered to be the correspondence of the nuclear weapons which were dropped in Japan. The film unlike its B movie counterparts had a bigger budget and became instantly popular. Other films such as Mickey Rooneys Atomic Kid (1954) which appeared to disassociate the potential of nuclear radiation, failed to do so well at the box office. Later films such as Dr Strangelove would also focus on the idea of a doomsday advice. Other signs that showed the increasing significance of the nuclear agenda were no more apparent than in the Laurel and Hardy motion picture Atoll K. A well loved and admire comedy duo choose for their last screen outing to portray a shipwreck on an island rich in Uranium deposits. It was a far cry from there simplistic and po pular humour which had served them well earlier in their careers. In truth Hollywood had become infiltrated by a collection of A and B movies each adding their representations to the nuclear agenda. As well as Hollywood films the American Civil Defence began producing advice videos such as Burt the Turtle and Duck for Cover. They were clearly designed to help to combat the fear of nuclear catastrophe, and were used to reassure the general public about the dangers of nuclear weapons. They would usually involve drills for mass departure to fallout shelters, and popularized the likes of Duck and Cover. The drills with their indications of dissonantly empty streets and the hiding activity from the nuclear bomb under the schoolroom desk, would later could turn into symbols of the expected inescapable and popular fate formed by those weapons. Most Americans were affected by these videos, especially amongst those in the richer classes who could afford the back-yard fallout shelters which offered a diminutive protection from the direct attack and could keep away from the wind-blown fallout, for some days or weeks. Popular culture within America increased extensively in the early 1950s and 60s, with widespread tensions growing amongst segregated groups in society. The cultural significance of such movements as the non violent rebellion 1955-60, brought the hope of peace and equality for many Americans. The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the influence of charismatic race leaders such as Martin Luther King promoted the need for non-violence; such a belief directly opposed the violent and intermediating prospect of nuclear war. As King himself was quoted in a speech denouncing atomic warfare entitled Time to Break Silence, Communism will never be defeated by the use of atomic bombs or nuclear weapons. These are days which demand wise restraint and calm reasonableness. Whilst King was a strong figure fighting for an end to segregation and civil rights the effect of the nuclear agenda was still quite evident in all aspects of American life. Fairclough points out if it were not for the nuclear agenda; th e case and call for civil rights might have been addressed a generation earlier. (2001: 249) The effect of previous atomic tests and the sight of great chemical explosions found itself positioned in kitsch art. Titus (in Zeman and Amundson) recognises how the mushroom served as symbol for weapons themselves. Pictures on the nuclear weapons never became public until 1960 and even those were only the mock-ups for the Fat Man and the Little Boy. Diagrams of the bombs interior working have been obtainable only for the last few years since design for nuclear weapons became the most strictly guarded secret. These all had an impact of fear on society has well as the nuclear diplomacy that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union. The nuclear agenda found itself quickly ingrained within American life. The nuclear agenda that followed the end of fighting in WWII took on a life of its own, and yet was not the first time popular culture had embraced nuclear technology. Ironically the first reference to the nuclear agenda comes not after its first military use but it can be traced back to 1908 in H.G Wells, The War in the Air as well as his subsequently work The World Set Free. The novels first explored the prospect of a nuclear holocaust and an atomic bomb that would be used in war. Perhaps even more telling was the influence it would have on one Leo Szilard. The nuclear agenda might have started life as science fiction but its influence would most definitely lead to science fact. At a time of a new found fascination in the science behind the bomb, it would seem inevitable that the science fiction genre would experience an increased popularity, and it did. Suddenly the question of what the future might hold, the question of what if, gained a horrible new importance. Now, instead of l ooking a thousand years ahead, humanity was looking at the hands of a Doomsday Clock that were edging closer to midnight. (Plested, 2009:1). Nuclear weapons would become a fastener element in the science fiction novels. The phrase atomic bomb predated their continuation when scientist had realized the ending of radioactivity had a potential implication of limitless energy. Until then, the word atomic had been nothing more than a convenient gimmick in science fiction, a buzzword that provided power for everything from pistols to robots to spaceships. Once the atomic bomb had been used, it proved this scientific leap forward, a leap which proved that science fiction authors were not such wild-eyed dreamers as had been thought' (Plested, 2009: 1). However, the science fiction novels began to follow and treat the threat of potential nuclear fallout and its implications for society. Newman, K. (2000) notes the various popular novels like the Babylon, Alas and On the Beach reviewed the af termath of the nuclear war. Other science fiction novels like A Canticle for Leibowitz exposed the long-standing consequences of a nuclear war. Hand in hand with the immediate perils of thermonuclear death, science fiction introduced the public to the other horsemen of the new Apocalypse: Fallout, Nuclear Winter, and Mutation. The latter provided heady fare for the filmmakers of the 1950s, with screens filled with shambling monstrosities of every shape, size and species. (Plested, 2009:1) The crisis of the Cold War coincided with the emergence of the Television, it grew in stature and with the growth of consumerism by the 1950s the TV quickly became a technological novelty an inescapable medium that quickly rivalled the power of movies, radio and mass circulation magazines (Whifield, 1991:153). In 1946 around 7000 American owned their own television set and by 1960, 50 million sets had been purchased and over 530 stations were available by 1961. Yet the reality of nuclear weapons haunted not just photographs and newsreels of Hiroshima and Nagasaki but visions of the future. In 1950 LIFE predicted the growing likelihood of World War III in the essay How U.S. Cities Cab Prepare for Atomic War. Colliers described a hypothetical atomic attack on New York in Hiroshima U.S.A: Can anything be done about it? (Boyd, 1985: 23) Nuclear anxieties boosted the popularity of psychoanalysis an probed the subconscious. Signs of the impacted nuclear agenda also found their way into the music industry. Many songs such as Skip Stanleys Satellite Baby pleaded: Nuclear baby dont fission out on mewere gonna rock it, were gonna rock it.Isotope daddys found out what you are worth. As well as the likes of Bob Dylan with his 1962 song A Hard Rains Gonna fail which was thought to have alluded to an upsurge in the possibility of a nuclear fallout. Through the progression of the nuclear period protest songs in particular became more frequent, such as 99 red balloons, and Relax by Frankie Goes To Hollywood. These songs became opposition against a nuclear build up and warning songs while others utilized the theme like allusion to a huge destruction in general. This period also began to see the rise in the popularity of tranquillity organizations such as the CND. Newman, K. (2000) said the CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) was one of the principle organizations campaigning in opposition to the bomb. Its symbo l, a grouping of the semaphone symbols for D (disarmament) and N (nuclear) came into the modern culture as icon for peace. 1962 saw a flashpoint in the course of the Cold War, a socialist revolution in Cuba would bring the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. The Cuban Missile Crisis illustrated how fragile the balance between a nuclear war and peace had become. The period of time saw a shift in public opinion towards the bomb, how close the world had come to catastrophe had shown Americans the true terror of a nuclear attack. Popular culture moved into a new era of fear and more open criticism of the nuclear programme (Zeman and Amundson, 2004: 4) The scale of influence the nuclear agenda had on popular culture became elevated as the threat of nuclear war become more possible. The time frame saw a great deal of change within America. It becomes apparent that the early atomic culture had a huge influence on popular culture, but the ways in which it affected it were various to say the least. From civil defence videos to sci-fi b movies, the period generated a phenomenal amount of popular culture. The significance is perhaps the diversity of the materials and the changes the nuclear agenda brought into popular culture. The strength of the nuclear culture insured it was impossible for outlets to ignore, instead the bomb in sorts became commercialised and the threat of apocalypse became a somewhat side point. In truth, it would appear in an era of progression and change the nuclear agenda became quite dominant in popular culture. It affected the lives on not only Americans but those in a global community. The turning point perhaps comes at the end of this period during the 13 days of the Cuban Missile Crisis, where the nuclear agenda hatched up the fear and tensions of an American society who had been blissfully unaware of the true dangers happening behind closed doors.

Saudi Arabian Economy

Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab nation in Middle East Asia; Saudi Arabia has a population of more than 28 million and has an area of approximately 830,000 square miles. And has an oil-based economy with strong government control over major economic activities. Saudi Arabia possesses townie five percent of the world's proven petroleum reserves. When Saudi government signed agreement with standard oil of California (socal), allowing the company to explore Saudi Arabia for oil after a long search for oil that lasted around four years without success, the first success came with the seventh drill site in Dammam city in 1938. The economy of Saudi Arabia, mainly for oil, and hard it has the largest oil reserves in the world, an estimated 264. 2 billion barrels. And occupies the first place as the largest producer and exporter of oil in the world, where it plays a leading role in the organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) to produce twenty nine percent of the total production of OPEC. In addition, the biggest turning point of the Saudi economy is Ghawar, it is by far the largest conventional oil field in the world and approximately sixty percent of all Saudi oil produced between 1948 and 2000 came from Ghawar and fourth largest reserves of natural gas, 240 trillion cubic feet, one third of this reserve is found in the Ghawar field. After explored the oil in Saudi Arabia, it become big change in the economic and government, focused on creation infrastructure, human resources development and non-oil economy, with the development of uplifting other economic activities such as handicrafts, mining and farming. For example, create and operation the cities of Jubal and Yanbu industrial create diversified economy and minimize rely on crude oil revenue Saudi Arabia economy is its response to the rapid economic variables on a global, regional and local levels Proof of this the successive jumps of the Kingdom in the standards world rankings year after year. And the kingdom occupies fourth rank in the â€Å"financial freedom† in the world rankings and has a tax system workbook ranked seventh in the world, one of the best tax systems to spur investment. It is one of the tony five largest economies in the world, which achieved a rank 24, and the largest economy in the Middle East and North Africa.

Ancient China’s Web Quest

|   | Ancient China Web Quest| | Use the following links to answer your questions. Write your answers on your worksheet. | 1. | China is located on the continent of _____China is entirely located on the continent of Asia___________________. http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/where_is_china_located. htm | 2. | The capital of China is ____Beijing____________________________. http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/capitalofchina. htm | 3. | There are 3 major rivers in China.Two of those rivers start with the letter â€Å"Y†. They are the _______Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Pearl River. _______________ http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/geography_china. htm | 4. | The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. The name of the highest peak (mountain) in that range is ______The highest point (mountain) in China is Mount Everest (8,850 meters tall)_____ _________________. http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancien t_china/geography_china. htm | 5. The longest structure ever built by man, covering about 4000 miles, is the ___Great Wall _________ ______________ _______ ____________. http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/gw_China. htm | 6. | Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese. The first fireworks were probably made by stuffing _____gunpowder__________ into some _______ bamboo _______ sticks. http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/fireworks. htm | 7. | Another invention from China is silk. Silk is made from _____China___________________. ttp://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/silk. htm | 8. | Ancient Chinese and even some Chinese shopkeepers of today use this object to do math like we use a calculator. It is the ___Abacus___________. http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/abacus. htm | 9| Something the Chinese invented to show direction is the ___Compass____________. http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/compass. htm | 10. | On windy days, these things will fly. They are ______Kites______________.Some Chinese kites are designed as animals and they can roll their _____eyes_________. http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/kites. htm | 11. | Name two more Chinese inventions. __________paper__________________  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   _______________ movable type printing _________________ http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/inventions. htm | 12. | The Chinese use characters or little pictures to write. Another word for this type of writing is _____ Calligraphy _________________. http://www. rcps. org/mch/worksheets/ancient_china/calligraphy. htm|

Keeping a Writers Notebook

Keeping a Writers Notebook Keeping a Writers’ Notebook Keeping a Writers’ Notebook By Ali Hale If you’ve ever had aspirations towards fiction-writing, you’ve doubtlessly heard the advice to keep a notebook on you at all times, to jot down those elusive flashes of brilliance that come at the most inopportune moments. It’s definitely a good idea to have pen and paper to hand as much as possible – however, the discipline of keeping a writers’ notebook means more than just scribbling a few words when inspiration strikes. Writing every day One of the best uses for your notebook is to get into the habit of writing every single day. There are lots of different ways to approach this; some which have worked for me (not all at once) are: Write first thing in the morning Spend five minutes writing at some point in the morning, and five minutes in the afternoon Write just before going to bed Jot down some notes before starting on your â€Å"proper† writing session of the day Of course there’ll be days when you feel uninspired, when you have nothing you want to write about, or when you’re hectically busy. But if you’re going to stick with writing fiction long-term, it needs to become part of your daily life. What do you write about? Don’t be prescriptive about what goes in your notebook. Some people find it best to work in a deliberately â€Å"scrappy† book, so that they don’t feel constrained to only write down gems of wisdom – yes, moleskin notebooks may be hugely popular, but a 99 cent pad will be just as good a repository for your ideas. Some of the many types of writing filling my notebook are: To-do lists for writing sessions or writing days There’s a great sense of satisfaction in ticking things off or scoring them out. If a to-do list makes you feel uncomfortable and constrained, try instead keeping a â€Å"done† list and writing down tasks after you complete them. Brainstorming for competition entries I wrote two or three short stories every month last year, most of them aimed at competitions with a set theme. A notebook is a great place to begin the idea-generation process; I like mind-mapping, by jotting the theme in a central circle and scribbling different plot and character possibilities around the edge. Once you get beyond the first few trite storylines, some intriguing ideas start to emerge. Character sketches When taking part in NaNoWriMo last year, I wrote three or four page character biographies for each of my main characters. Keeping these in my notebook made it easy to find them whilst working on the novel – I wasted as little time as possible when needing to look up details of family backgrounds, hobbies and so on. Plot outlines Most writers find that some level of outlining helps, particularly when writing anything longer than a short story. A notebook can be an easy way to develop a plot from initial spark through potential variations to a scene-by-scene breakdown. Snatches of dialogue Imagined or overheard phrases can be safely stashed in your notebook for future use: they may be totally inappropriate for the project which you’re currently working on, but could be invaluable a week or two down the line. Reviewing your notes It’s just as important to go back over your notes as it is to write them in the first place. Set aside a chunk of time – half-an-hour if possible – weekly, and go over what you’ve written during the past seven days. Make a new entry to record any ideas that you definitely want to pursue. (You might find it helps to use a second notebook at this stage.) Don’t recycle or burn old notebooks; even if you’re sure that you’ll never want the notes contained in them, store them safely somewhere. They’ll make fascinating reading a year, or ten years, further into your writing career – you’ll be able to see how far you’ve come, and you may rediscover old ideas that you’d forgotten. And if you become famous, perhaps you’ll even end up selling them on e-bay†¦ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouLoan, Lend, Loaned, LentParticular vs. Specific

The Natural History of the Galapagos Islands

The Natural History of the Galapagos Islands The Natural History of the Galapagos Islands: The Galpagos Islands are a wonder of nature. Located off the coast of Ecuador, these remote islands have been called â€Å"evolution’s laboratory† because their remoteness, isolation from one another and different ecological zones have allowed plant and animal species to adapt and evolve undisturbed. The Galapagos Islands have a long and interesting natural history. The Birth of the Islands: The Galapagos Islands were created by volcanic activity deep in the Earths crust under the ocean. Like Hawaii, the Galapagos Islands were formed by what geologists call a hot spot. Basically, a hot spot is a place in the Earths core which is much hotter than usual. As the plates making up the Earths crust move over the hot spot, it essentially burns a hole in them, creating volcanoes. These volcanoes rise up out of the sea, forming islands: the lava stone they produce shapes the topography of the islands. The Galapagos Hot Spot: In Galapagos, the Earth’s crust is moving from west to east over the hot spot. Therefore, the islands that are furthest to the east, such as San Cristà ³bal, are the oldest: they were formed many thousands of years ago. Because these older islands are no longer over the hot spot, they are no longer volcanically active. Meanwhile, islands in the western part of the archipelago, such as Isabela and Fernandina, were created only recently, geologically speaking. They are still over the hot spot and still very active volcanically. As the islands move away from the hot spot, they tend to wear down and become smaller. Animals Arrive to Galapagos: The islands are home to many species of birds and reptiles but relatively few native insects and mammals. The reason for this is simple: it’s not easy for most animals to get there. Birds, of course, can fly there. Other Galapagos animals were washed there on vegetation rafts. For example, an iguana might fall into a river, cling to a fallen branch and get swept out to sea, arriving to the islands after days or weeks. Surviving at sea for such a long time is easier for a reptile than it is for a mammal. For this reason, the large herbivores on the islands are reptiles like tortoises and iguanas, not mammals like goats and horses. Animals Evolve: Over the course of thousands of years, animals will change to fit their environment and adapt to any existing â€Å"vacancy† in a particular ecological zone. Take the famous Darwin’s finches of Galapagos. Long ago, a single finch found its way to Galapagos, where it laid eggs which would eventually hatch into a small finch colony. Over the years, fourteen different sub-species of finch have evolved there. Some of them hop on the ground and eat seeds, some stay in trees and eat insects. The finches changed to fit in where there was not already some other animal or bird eating the available food or using the available nesting sites. Arrival of Humans: The arrival of humans to the Galapagos Islands shattered the delicate ecological balance that had reigned there for ages. The islands were first discovered in 1535 but for a long time they were ignored. In the 1800s, the Ecuadorian government began settling the islands. When Charles Darwin made his famous visit to Galapagos in 1835, there was already a penal colony there. Humans were very destructive in Galapagos, mostly because of predation of Galapagos species and introduction of new species. During the nineteenth century, whaling ships and pirates took tortoises for food, wiping out the Floreana Island subspecies completely and pushing others to the brink of extinction. Introduced Species: The worst damage done by humans was the introduction of new species into Galapagos. Some animals, such as goats, were released intentionally onto the islands. Others, such as rats, were brought by man unknowingly. Dozens of animal species previously unknown in the islands were suddenly turned loose there with disastrous results. Cats and dogs eat birds, iguanas and baby tortoises. Goats can strip an area clean of vegetation, leaving no food for other animals. Plants brought for food, such as the blackberry, muscled out native species. Introduced species constitute one of the gravest dangers for the Galapagos ecosystems. Other Human Problems: Introducing animals was not the only damage humans have done to Galapagos. Boats, cars and homes cause pollution, further damaging the environment. Fishing is supposedly controlled in the islands, but many make their living by illicitly fishing for sharks, sea cucumbers and lobsters out of season or beyond catch limits: this illegal activity had a great negative impact on the marine ecosystem. Roads, boats and airplanes disturb mating grounds. Solving Galapagos’ Natural Problems: The park rangers and staff of the Charles Darwin Research Station have been working for years to reverse the effects of human impact on Galapagos, and they’ve been seeing results. Feral goats, once a major problem, have been eliminated from several islands. The numbers of wild cats, dogs and pigs are also declining. The National Park has taken on the ambitious goal of eradicating introduced rats from the islands. Although activities like tourism and fishing are still taking their toll on the islands, optimists feel that the islands are in better shape than they have been for years. Source: Jackson, Michael H. Galapagos: a Natural History. Calgary: the Universityof Calgary Press, 1993.

The Benefits of using Social Network to improve sales for Century 21 Essay

The Benefits of using Social Network to improve sales for Century 21 - Essay Example Century 21 is one of the major companies that has created significant shift in marketing strategies through internet function and design. It has been listed as the biggest real estate agency that operates across national borders in the world. The US Company has been compelled by fast changing technologies in competitive environment to adopt marketing strategies that are focused on social networking sites in order to increase sales (Charlene & Bernoff, 2008). This research study analyses Century 21’s marketing strategies and coordination efforts for the next three years. It is an international company and it is one of the most reputed Real Estate Agent Franchise Companies operating across national borders. Its inception dates back in 1971 in California but it was privatized until 1977 when the co-founders decided to make the company public. During its early stages, the company offered products and services that satisfied the needs of real estate owners. The company has expanded rapidly and has established more than 8000 offices and large number of sales professionals all over the world (Parsipanny, 2009). The company started its operations in United States but it has gained strong foothold and its presence has been felt in more than 60 countries. It is the leading marketer of real estate services and it has spent a great deal of time in improving online display advertisements, search engine marketing and real estate listing sites. In general, Century 21 can been regarded as the world leading provider of real estate services in comparison with other competitive real estate companies since it possesses the world’s largest network and geographical coverage. The company continues to take lead in the industry as evidenced by the increased online ads which offer substantial benefits to brokers, agents and customers. The company is very

Media and gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media and gender - Essay Example This essay "Media and gender" outlines the gender stereotypes shown in various media resources and advertisement and also the impact of it on the society. Media is conveying such messages through such magazines, which are directing women to construct their identities and also adopt as per the lifestyle of role models, which are presented through online boards in the form of images and different celebrities. These are exhibited in such a manner, which project women to be known more as a form of sexuality. Sadly, women are seen on coverage in any sports event or field, which does not show women constituting sensuality. Hence, these are seen as exploitation of women as viewed by feminists who are basically the advocates to protect rights of women through a mass media. Most of the feminism revolves around the notion that women should have equal opportunities while establishing social roles. They also address and examine the construction of sex and gender issues and protect them against violent behavior in the society. A woman can be focused as a subject of feminism when a discussion is made which analyzes all the constraints which are causing its representation of its functions. The irony of the situation is that women themselves do not provide or symbolize themselves as an identity of feminist traits this identity is necessary which should have a representation specially in politics. While one is talking about identity it can either based on two things, sex or gender. Hence in order to have study of feminism both things are necessary in its construction. There is a need to preserve the identities and play an important role in politics and other visionary aspects of feminism. In the society in