Fault Tolerance Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fault Tolerance Paper - Essay Example Understanding the different components as a part of shadowing and mirroring as well as how it can be used to assist in databases can provide individuals with more alternatives for building the database security needed while creating higher levels of fault tolerance. The need to examine the benefits and disadvantages of the mirroring system is also required. This provides an evolution toward the main approach of mirroring and shadowing for more advanced technology that is currently being built for end users. Several types of technologies are available and used for the shadowing and mirroring fault – tolerance system. Each of these can work together to provide complete functioning within the system while allowing the backup system created to work more efficiently. The first technology used is from physical aspects of the system. The mirroring built through a hardware system is placed into the main drive of the computer. This divides by a coupled multi – processor with modules that carry dual paths. The cross - section and double paths as a part of the mirroring then create a way for data to move from one component to another. These interface with dual ported controllers and a disc subsystem that allows the data controlled with where it goes and how the information can mirror. The storage then takes place in the disc subsystem to provide complete backup to the system. Newer physical properties built from remote servers are also available. These specific options allow end use rs to immediately back-up data through an online portal connected through a remote server. The information moves into a storage space by connecting from one network to the computer so one can save all applicable information. The main hardware of this system built into a server provides a hosting company who has larger backup space on

The lost Boy by Dave Pelzer Essay Example for Free

The lost Boy by Dave Pelzer Essay Dave Peltzer the author of The Lost Boy tells his story from the time he left his abusive mother and alcoholic father, through his experiences in five foster homes and juvenile detention, and how he eventually made it into the Air Force. He was a defiant, rebellious boy who, despite his background and personality, managed to endear himself to many guardians, social workers, and teachers. Pelzer writes in an honest, sometimes rambling, style; he is never bitter, and his story will find many sympathetic readers. The main purpose for Dave to write this book is to show at what lengths children and adolescents have gone to over come the unmentionable hardships of and abusive family. The three most valuable things I have learned from this book are very hard to choose. The book was full of many things to help me in my everyday life. Ranging from how to deal with kids who have be through abusive situations to how kids of abuse act in general. The first one has to be, Dave was very tactful in how he handled his thoughts and feelings. Many children his age are running around chasing girls and hanging with the guys. Not him he was studying hard and trying to be better than his parents were. He would always squander away what he had, so no one could take what was rightfully his and that includes his life. The second thing that was useful was how Dave was never angry with his situation he would just look at it as another challenge. Many times through out the book Dave would have to change foster homes after being fairly settled in the way of living there. Most teens his age cant handle a great deal of change but Dave would just go with the flow and never bat an eye lash. The third most valuable thing has to be his willingness to help. I would think that since no one would help him he would not help anyone else. On the contrary, Dave was always helping with chores, making dinner, and doing little extra things he didnt have to do. I later found out through reading the book that Daves willingness to help stems from his need to feel loved and wanted. I can honestly say that I could never have gone through the painstaking trials and tribulations Dave went though while he was in his teen yes. It take a special person to do that and Dave is that special person. PARENTING TECHNIQUES Daves mother was a very troubled woman who for some unknown reason liked to target Dave and blame him for any and all bad things that happened. His mother was and Authoritative and neglectful at the same time. Some may say how can one parent be on both extremes of things but there are  a few instance with in the book which shows both. For example Daves mother would make him do all the chores and never was aloud to play. For some reason even if Dave finished what he was told to do in the time he was told to do it he would not be fed or worse he would be part of his mother Games and Test. His mothers Games and Tests range from putting him in freezing cold water for 5 hours at a time to making him sit on the garage steps with his hands under his bottom head strait a head for up to 36 hours at a time no food, bathroom, shower or other needs to live. Dave was saved from this horror when he was 15 but he was in foster care and the parenting techniques ranged from authoritarian to indulgent, but anything was better than what he had endured at his mothers house. DELINQUENCY Dave in his teen years was for the most part a very well behaved boy. He was working hard in school and kept to himself for the most part. Although Dave did have a small problem he like to take things with out asking or stealing. Daves stealing habits stem from his basic survival needs that he instinctively put up when his mother would make him go with out food, water, and basic sanitation. Dave at times would also lash out at his foster families so that they would not get to close to him. In some cases when Dave would lash out he would be put into another foster home and have to readjust to things again. Dave usually liked to lash out he thought he didnt need anyone just himself. He could handle himself since he could handle his mother Games and Tests. Daves delinquent actions are fairly normal of abused and neglected teens.  Dave was also just being a normal teen trying find himself in a world that had not found him for almost 12 years. DEPRESSION Dave did have a great deal of depression in his life. He would think why does my mother treat me like I am a piece of *censored*? Daves depression stemmed from he long ours of being with himself. He had many hours, day, months, and years to think about what he had done. His mother made him out to be an evil unwanted child who was worthless. Dave thought the main reason his mother didnt like him and his father wouldnt talk to him any more that he had failed as a son. Not till Dave was in foster care and his foster parents brought him to a therapist did Dave realize what had happened to him was to his fault and Dave was a normal boy. His mother was suffering from alcoholism and manic depression and her outlasted were targeted at him cause he was his fathers pride and joy. His father ignored him to please his wife (Daves mother). His father  also started drinking to drowned his sorrows. SUICIDE You would think that since Dave was so brutally abused and his own mother stabbed him almos t to death with out even drinking him to the hospital he would have wanted even once to kill himself. I know that if anyone did anything like Daves mother did to me and I had to change homes 7 different times and had kids picking on me cause I smelled or I didnt have a real mom or dad I would want to kill myself. Not Dave, he only worked harder to live and please anyone including his mother so that in hopes she would stop this unlawful actions against him. Not once did Dave even want to end his life instead of thinking negatively he would say When I get older and out of here, I will be a better man I will be the man my father once was. Dave during his time at his mothers house always held his dad on a pedestal. No mater what happened Daves dad was Superman to him. Dave would think of flying away with his dad to a better place where he would be a person not just a Child called It (Peltzers first book). Dave also vowed that if her were to kill himself that he would only be surrendering to him mothers wishes and even though he tired to please his mother that is the one thing he would no t let her have was his well deserved life. ANOREXIA-BULIMIA NERVOSA The way Daves mother treated him is shocking. There was one way that Daves mother had complete control over him and that was what he could and couldnt eat. Most of the time Dave was not permitted to eat. When Dave went to school he would steal other kids lunches so that he could eat food that was not spoiled. Dave did get in trouble for this sever times. After the third time Daves mother made him run home faster than all the other children and vomit in to the toilet to see if he had stolen. Daves mother would some make him eat rotten pork and chicken one every 3 weeks that is the only food he would get and if Dave purged he would have another Game and Test to do for his mother. Dave had become so good at hiding what he had ate that he would vomit before he left school so that he could at least enjoy his home or at least what home he had. Dave at times would try to steal food that his brothers didnt eat but if he was caught he would have to go in the tub of ice water or deal with the pneumonia and bleach combination in the bathroom with no ventilation. When Dave made is way out of his mother house into foster care. Dave would try to salvage food so that if by chance the foster family would not let him eat he would be able to have food. If Dave was caught with the food he had  taken and his foster family went to talk to him he would go to the bathroom and vomit so that he would please them. I feel Dave Peltzer has been through an unimaginable childhood and adolescent li fe. I think the book is a heart felt story of a boys struggle for acceptance and aiming to please those around him. I feel if anyone can over come what Dave has over come that what he tells is accurate in the most scary way possible. Scary in a sense that anyone could handle such hard ships and still be alive to tell about it. Dave was stabbed, poisoned, neglected, beaten, uprooted from him home at age 15, bounced from foster home to foster home without having a real place to call home. I think that this book addressed the real things that happen to a child of abuse. For there initial home life to the bounce from foster care home to home. The real issue in the book that child abuse is everywhere in every degree. Some are hidden ways such as verbal and some are so extreme that a child has no where to turn but to the abuse itself. This book more than anyone could imagine my anticipations and expectations were met 120%. The book was very descriptive and helpful on how to deal with teens in crisis. I would recommend this book and Dave Peltzers other two books. The main reason is that the book describes Daves journey to find acceptance and a place to call home really touched my soul. The tears I cry for all the kids out there that need a voice to be heard. Mrs. Gold is God send She was Daves social worker she took the time to understand Daves story and be his voice for him. We need more people in the Human Services field like the ones who have helped Dave in his journey. This book is a good book for people who work in any type of Human Service job such as a YMCA or a foster family just to show at what lengths kids will go to be safe and saved.

The Stop Option :: essays research papers

Kepic ron’Sol; commerce world. In the language of the Jiid, it connotes a raging storm, or a sharp noise, or a fast day. â€Å"Of Sol†; the meaning of ron’Sol. A reflection of the trade war between the Jiid and the government of Sol, Kepic has passed from ron’Jiid to ron’Sol. A kind of final frontier in human commerce, Kepic reflects the soul of the entrepreneur. Like The city of New York, but with over one thousand years of advance, and one thousand years of wear. It is a home to those who seek stability and adventure, and a prison to those who want rest. To this world comes Razgka Karn, a cargo runner making a delivery. Karn’s life has always been one of adventure and uncertainty, and so he wishes for a chance to come to a world like this one. He wants stability, he wants the warm mothering security of constant work. He idolizes Kepic. The twin suns Ordos and Lithek reach their apogee, casting down their mixed light. The glistening towers reflect the amber light of Lithek and the sapphire light of Ordos, bathing the landscape in mellow hues. The various ships move about the spires attending to their various tasks; keeping to their varied schedules, and Razgka Karn admired them all. There it was, Interspace Fektradynamics Co., Razgka’s delivery. He landed in the docking bay, and relieved himself of control of his vehicle. He shifted his bulky frame out of this pilot’s seat and ventured through the hatch out to speak with the loaders. He hailed one down to him. â€Å"Where can a guy go to get some kicks around here?† Karn asked. â€Å"Mr. Karn, this is Kepic. The party is all around you.† He replied. Razgka was confused, and thought the worker to be rude. â€Å"What do you mean?† He asked. â€Å"This work, this business, this city†¦ it’s a party. Never stopping, choking on business, on obligations, and quotas. We here on Kepic go. We go all of the time. This is our life. Oh, how I envy you, smuggler. How I envy your freedom.† â€Å"But surely you must enjoy your security.† â€Å"Oh yes. This is a good life. But it is a wasted one. I want more than anything to stop considering my future, my obligations. But that will never be. This place is my life, my tormentor, and my god. This place is like a death in your sleep; I have my profit, but I have my requirements.

Leadership Impact Essay

This research paper is written on the Leadership styles and the impact they have on the workforce. My information is based on my direct observation while being employed in the U. S. Air Force. My paper will analyze Leadership styles by using two concepts from Robbins and Judge (2009). The two concepts I have chosen are Leader Behaviors (p. 397) and Vision Statement (p. 415). Leadership Behaviors Being in the military for the past nine years has giving me an opportunity to see many different leadership behaviors. Four leadership behaviors Robbins and Judge (2009) defined are directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leaders (p. 397). The directive leader defines what is expected of the worker and schedules the work (p. 397). I feel that most people start off in with this leadership behavior until they grow as a leader. The supportive leader is concerned with the needs of their followers and interacts with them (p. 397). I have worked with many leaders that have used this behavior and it make them a popular leader, but can make it hard for them to get work done by some of their followers. I have seen were the workers take advantage of a leader because they feel more like a friend and not a boss. The participative leader takes the input of the follower and uses them before making a decision (p. 397). The Air Force leadership does use this behavior by using a yearly climate survey. The last leader behavior is the achievement-oriented leader. I feel that for the most part the behavior is the hardest to work for. This leadership style does not show much concern for the followers and does not take in their input. The leader is goal orientated and expects the followers to perform at their best to meet the goals (p. 97). Vision Statement A vision statement is a tool that leadership can use to tell why the organization exists (Kaplan & Norton, 2008). Most military units have a vision statement to motivate its members. My unit’s statement is Safety first, By the book, Then on time. Our vision statement put the safety of the workers first and the sets the attitude of how the work is to be done. Robbins and Judge (2009) state that a vision should be value centered (p. 415) and all the military units I have worked for have had a vision statement that puts it people first. I feel it can make it easier to work for someone if they value you. Conclusion Leaders may use any of the behavior styles talk about in the paper. Charismatic leaders will try to set a goal and good work environment for their workers (Fischer). The leaders of an organization will have to ensure they use the right behavior to motivate its workers. In Psalm 28:11 David asks to be taught the Lords way and be lead in a straight path. I think this is how a lot of employees feel and it is the job of the leaders to ensure they know what path the organization is going.

Mathematics

Math has been developed to aid human understanding .More the math associated with a subject, better is our quantitative understanding of the subject. Calculus is a great tool in this regard. If we look at individual tools of mathematics they may fail to be useful. But when different branches of mathematics are used together they will definitely help in all subjects. One more thing â€Å"If we don’t use a tool doesn’t mean that it’s useless, There are many things that can be done with it but we don’t require it in everyday life so we just don’t use them.† Specifically looking at examples :-   1) Minister  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : one of his main job is campaigning. He should campaign more in areas where he has chances of winning than in areas where he is sure to win. This can be found out by survey of last elections, general notion prevailing among people that time. He must also campaign in areas where there’s high probability of people turning up for his lecture and for voting. When he becomes minister, he has to look for the development of the region. This involves all branches of mathematics. His long term aims, promises etc. Fore most is to manage the funds available. Suppose he decides to construct a bridge or flyover or any such Infrastructure project, he has to think of funds for construction. If he keeps some toll tax than how much should he keep? This can be decided by how many people would use it everyday? How much he is targeting to collect? Inflation etc.etc. This all are determined using calculus. 2) Kindergarten teacher : She has to look on child’s growth. Some child can catch things fast. It’s not needed to spend a lot of time on them. Teachers should concentrate more on average child. Also it is sure that not everyone will understand all the things. So teacher has to do some calculations as to when be the right time to move to next topic. If she plots a graph of ‘how many people have understood versus time.’ Definitely she would get a Gaussian curve. This will come handy for subsequent classes. She can ask some simple question to all students and carry out this survey. Also, marks scored by students will have a Gaussian curve shape. Now suppose she has to convert it some other grading standards. (Example from a scale of 100 to relative grading of scale of 10).It would be good for her to know of calculus. She can figure out How much area (integration) is covered by the above mentioned graph?   How much percentage of people are present in which area? What is the average grade she wants to keep etc. etc. These are some of things which directly come to my mind. Tell students to think more in this line and they will surely find out more uses. Or better still put some enthusiastic calculus teacher in the above post for a day and He/she will think of a 100 more uses. Someone may argue that they are specific cases but remind them that jobs not only require to be proficient in everyday work but of special cases also which are likely to be encountered. Mathematics The most common error committed by students is the sign error.   Consider, for example the following instance.   A seventh grade teacher is to provide instruction in the multiplication of signed numbers. The teacher walks through the room, observing progress of each student as they work on a number of sample problems at their seats. The teacher notices that several students consistently make the following error: (-5) x (-6) = -30. One misconception is that the students think that signs do not matter.   In solving these kinds of problems, they tend to disregard the number signs.   This might be because of lack of knowledge of the concept.   The teacher may not have given the importance of number signs.   In this regard, the teacher should give the reason why they should not disregard number signs.   This will help students be more careful in solving numbered signs because they know its importance. Another is that some students tend to believe that since the sum of two negative numbers is a negative then their product might also be a negative number.   Students may overlook the details on the difference between adding and multiplying negative numbers.   The teacher, for this matter, may have not emphasized or given a thorough detail on multiplying a negative number.   This misconception can be diminished if the teacher gives the difference between adding and multiplying negative numbers.   This will help students to keep in mind that the product of two negative numbers is NOT a negative number since they know that multiplying two negative numbers is different from adding two negative numbers. There are many other underlying causes on why students commit this common error.   One major reason is because teachers often overlook the details and skip the important ones.   This error may be reduced if teachers emphasize on the details especially the importance of what they are doing. SOURCES: Ball, D. L., Hill, H. C., & Bass, H. (2005). Knowing Mathematics for Teaching. American Educator. Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences. (2001). The Mathematical Education for Teachers. Providence RI and Washington DC: American Mathematical Society and Mathematical Association of America. Misconceptions in Mathematics: Calculations with Negative Numbers.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 1, 2006 Patterns of Error. (2002).  Ã‚   Retrieved November 1, 2006, from http://math.about.com/library/weekly/aa011502a.htm Schechter, E. (2006). The Most Common Errors in Undergraduate Mathematics.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 1, 2006, from http://www.math.vanderbilt.edu/~schectex/commerrs/#Signs Yetkin, E. (2003). Student Difficulties in Learning Elementary Mathematics. ERIC Digest.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 1, from http://www.ericdigests.org/2004-3/learning.html                  

Business Administration essay

Business Administration essay Business Administration essay Business Administration essayApple, Google and e-Bay are the strongest brands that are likely to retain the competitive advantage and enhance their position due to the popularity of their brands. These brands will hold a strong position because they are recognized as leaders in the high tech industry and online business. They are renowned worldwide and focus on innovations as is the case of Apple and Google, while e-Bay is the major online auction that will retain a strong position due to the popularity of online transactions.The internet’s capabilities will have the determinant impact on the three brands, especially e-Bay and Google because these brands are primarily internet-based ones. The huge impact of internet is the result of the transforming internet into the mainstream media.Internal EnvironmentThe internal environment of Google is strong due to the focus on innovation and the high level of autonomy of its employees, who work on multiple projects, while the company pr ovides funding for the most prospective ones. On the other hand, the major weakness of the internal environment is the high costs of operations of the company and the lack of control and close interaction between different project teams.The company can enhance its competitive position through elaborating the clear strategy and focus on specific projects that match the chosen strategy.ECO -320 Money and BankingThe Structure of Interest RatesThe choice of 30-year or 15-year mortgage depends on the level of income of the home buyer. If the home owner wants to make smaller payments but for a longer time and, eventually pay more for the home in total, then the owner should choose 30-year mortgage, but if the owner wants to pay off the loan faster, he/she should chose a 15-year mortgage. The 30-year mortgage also makes sense more than the 15-year one because $200,000 plus interest rates may have lower value compared to the same sum plus interest rate for the 15 year period.Secure investm ent is the core concept that would determine my decision to invest a $10,000 in debt securities because such investments will bring me low but certain profit.Real Interest Rates Explicate the significance of unexpected inflation so someone completely unfamiliar with economics could make better financial decisions (if he / she listened to your explanation).The unexpected inflation can trigger a profound economic crisis because prices grow fast, while the banking industry and businesses are unprepared for the inflation. As a result, prices grow fast that forces the central bank to issue more money, which turn out to be devaluated because the growth of price forces customers to pay the higher price for the product, which used to be cheaper recently. As a result, businesses and customers become uncertain in their future and shift to saving being afraid of their inability to afford living, if they keep spending their money, while price keep growing.If the inflation rate is low, it is bet ter to invest money into debt securities because they will bring low but certain profit. If the inflation is high, it is better to invest into derivatives which can bring higher profits, even though they are associated with higher risk compared to debt securities or focus on long-run investments.

Community Outreach I Disability Attorneys I Disability Attorneys of Michigan

Community Outreach I Disability Attorneys I Disability Attorneys of Michigan Disability Attorneys of Michigan Participate in a Volunteer Day Helping Southwest Solutions, Beautification Day. The Neighborhood Beautification Day is an essential part of Southwest Solutions effort to â€Å"engage partners, residents and other volunteers in an effort to activate lots, create community gardens and art, spruce up parks and combat blight and decay.†Erika Riggs and staff members of Disability Attorneys of Michigan, recently volunteered in the â€Å"Southwest Solutions Beautification Day.†Southwest Solutions is an organization near and dear to our firm as many of our clients have received invaluable treatment there for a variety of mental health impairments at little to no cost.Southwest Solutions is also known for their housing and workforce assistance programs, veterans’ services, and youth mentorship.This year’s Beautification Day spruced up 15 different areas of Southwest Detroit, including:Bennett ParkCabrini ClinicCorktown ViaductGo-Getters Drop-in CenterHousing Resource CenterHubbard Farms Community GardenLafayette Park (UNI)Larkins/McGraw Early Childhood OfficesMatrix Theatre Company Community GardenMichigan Avenue Business AssociationSaint Anthony’sSouthwest CornerstoneSpringdale/Woodmere Block Club Community GardenStanton ParkWilshire ApartmentsWith the help of hundreds of community volunteers, including staff members from Disability Attorneys of Michigan each of these sites were beautified.Thank you to everyone who came out to support Southwest Solutions and our community!Disability Attorneys of Michigan. Compassionate Excellence. community events, Community Outreach, DA Michigan, Disability Attorneys, Disability Attorneys of Michigan, social security disability attorneys, Southwest Solutions

Trance Dance of the San

Trance Dance of the San The trance dance, which is still practiced by San communities in the Kalahari region, is an indigenous ritual by which a state of altered consciousness is achieved through rhythmic dancing and hyperventilation. It is used for healing sickness in individuals and healing negative aspects of the community as a whole. The trance dance experiences of San shaman are believed to be recorded by southern African rock art.    San Healing Trance Dances The San people of Botswana and Namibia were formerly known as Bushmen. They are descended from some of the oldest surviving lineages of modern humans. Their traditions and way of life may be preserved from ancient times. Today, many have been displaced from their native lands in the name of conservation, and they may be unable to practice their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The trance dance is a healing dance for individuals and the community as a whole. It is their most prominent religious practice, according to some sources. It can take several forms. Many adults, both men, and women become healers in San communities. In one form, the women of the community sit around the fire and clap and sing rhythmically while the healers dance. They sing medicine songs that they learn from their youth. The ritual continues all night long. The healers dance in counterpoint to the rhythm in single file. They may wear rattles attached to their legs. They dance themselves into an altered state, which often includes feeling a great deal of pain. They may scream in pain during the dance. Upon entering the altered consciousness through the dance, the shamans feel healing energy awaken in them, and they are careful to channel it to those who need healing. They do this by touching those who have sickness, sometimes generally on their torso, but also on body parts that are affected by the illness. This can take the form of the healer drawing the illness out of the person and then yelling to eject it into the air. The trance dance can also be used to draw away community ills such as anger and disputes. In other variations, drums may be used and offerings may be hung from nearby trees. San Rock Art and the Trance Dance The trance dance and healing rituals are believed to be depicted in paintings and carvings in caves and rock shelters in South Africa and Botswana. Some rock art shows women clapping and people dancing as in the trance dance ritual. They are also believed to depict rain dances, which also involved trance dancing, capturing a rain dance animal, kill it in the trance state and thus attract rain. San rock art often depicts Eland bulls, which is a symbol of curing and the trance dance according to Thomas Dowson in  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Reading Art, Writing History: Rock Art and Social Change in Southern Africa.† The art also shows hybrids of humans and animals, which may be representations of healers in the trance dance.

BUSSINESS ENVIRONMENT Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

BUSSINESS ENVIRONMENT - Thesis Example Tata Steel is the world’s sixth major steel manufacturing company. The company is commercially present in more than fifty countries and operates in more than twenty countries. The company was founded in Jamshedpur, India, in 1970 (Tata Steel, 2009). The company has extended its operation in investing in Millennium Steel (renamed Tata Steel Thailand), Corus (UK) and NatSteel Holdings (Singapore). The company has also extended its marketing and manufacturing network in Europe, the Pacific-rim countries and South East Asia. The company has the ability to manufacture over 30 million tones of crude steel every year. The company produces basic steel products and crude steel which is used in construction for the building through Tata BlueScope Steel, its venture with Australia’s BlueScope Steel (Tata Steel, 2009). The company’s external boundaries comprise of the political, economic, technological, legal and social boundaries in the market. The company has to take these challenges to seek maximum benefit from these boundaries. The economical condition for the steel industry in India was not that strong as compared to the economy of steel industry in other countries. But globalization made the economy of the country to grow as a result the steel industry in India also grew making Tata Steel to grow as it was the first private steel manufacturing industry in India and operating internationally with regard to the globalization policy. Tata Steel started to export in the foreign markets as well as venturing into the new market with collaboration and acquisition of different steel companies making the company grow in the world economy. History is evident that no other Indian steel company has developed and expanded as Tata Steel industry did. The company has huge capacity to produce enormous tone of steel for the world consumption making the company compete in the world as a

Scheduling Across the Supply Chain Executive Summary Essay

Scheduling Across the Supply Chain Executive Summary - Essay Example Subassembly of the lawnmower occurs within the traditional manufacturing line of the company, but the solar charges follow a different manufacturing process. This patented technology was developed by the R&D department. The company purchased a small building whose only purpose was to produce the solar chargers. The executive staff wanted to maintain control of the trade secrets associated with the solar charger production. The weekly production of solar chargers is delivered to corporate headquarters. For the first six months the forecasted production of the lawnmowers is 1000 units per month. The monthly production of green lawnmower is going to follow a 3:1 production ratio. For every three electric power lawnmower produced one solar powered mower will be manufactured. The green lawnmower project underway at John Deere must consider the effects of equipment availability. The solar powered production line depends on the production capabilities of the solar battery line which is independent of the production of the mower. The equipment to produce the solar panels used in the chargers has a short life span and must be replaced on a quarterly basis. There is only one supplier of the specialized equipment. If the replacement equipment is not ready on time bottlenecks could occur. A bottleneck occurs when a low capacity part of a system creates a constraint that reduces the capacity of the whole system (Heizer & Render, 1996). The company is also having problems training personnel to work at the solar charger production facility. The time to train employees to obtain the specialized skills needed to produce these items was miscalculated. The learning curve is much slower than anticipated. The learning curve stipulates that as employees repeat a particul ar process they gain skill and efficiency and production time improvements are achieved (Chase & Jacobs & Aquilano). It is taking eight to ten weeks

Comparison and Contrast of Definitions of Rape in Common Law and Research Paper

Comparison and Contrast of Definitions of Rape in Common Law and Modern Law - Research Paper Example Many states have different variations of the definition of rape which fits their Modern Statutory Law. The most general definition of the rape is as follows: any unlawful sexual penetration, which is also called a sexual assault. For instance, in California, rape is defined as â€Å"an act of sexual intercourse ... accomplished against persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another† (qt. in Lyon, 2004, p. 277). Introduction of the Model Penal Code in the Modern Law, as the result of general feminist movement in the 1970s, brought some changes to the definition of the rape, hence gave additional grounds for charges against the criminals. The two major reforms were: â€Å"(1) the partial abolition of the marital rape exemption; and (2) the increased emphasis on the nonconsent of the victim, rather than the use of force by the attacker, in defining rape† (Lyon, 2004, p. 278). The reforms brought both positive and negative attitudes of the public. The reform concerning marital rape was criticized for ambiguity and for victimization of men (Kilpatrick, 2000). Each of these reforms was meant to add something new to or change the definition of the rape in order to take into account all the circumstances of this type of criminal actions. However, there always has been some kind of confrontation in the lawmaking system. Only in recent years some amendments, for instance, the inclusion of the marital rape into the general definition of rape, brought improvements to the modern law, which â€Å"explicitly prohibits forced, nonconsensual intercourse at any time during the sexual act, rather than just at penetration† (Lyon 285).  

Renewable Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Renewable Energy - Essay Example The Atoms for Peace (2010) described renewable energy as â€Å"a source of energy or power that has the capacity to replenish itself. Renewable energy can sometimes be called infinite energy, because it relies on energy that is in infinite supply. Renewable energy is also considered clean energy, because it does not produce toxins or pollutants that are harmful to the environment in the same manner that non-renewable energy does. Thus, renewable energy is also known as green or clean energy† (Atoms, 2010, pars. 1 & 2). The . The alternative fuel sources such as solar power, wind power, geothermal, biofuel and tidal power have ultimately been proven and needed to sustain life and uphold the objective of providing a cleaner and healthier environment as a legacy to the next generations to come. Potentials for renewable energy sources actually abound. Ironically, despite man’s rapid growth and development, the most plausible alternative sources which remain to be available are the wind, tide and sun. These are not only renewable but perpetual. The essay hereby aims to proffer relevant aspects of hydrogen as fuel for transportation of the future. Specifically, the discourse would perform a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis on hydrogen as a direct combustible fuel for transport by 2025. Inititally, hydrogen would be discussed in terms of qualifying it as a portable energy storage method, rather than a renewable energy, per se. Prior to the presentation of a SWOT analysis on hydrogen as fuel for transport, a general discussion of the benefits of renewable energy would be enumerated, as well as its disadvantages, to highlight evaluative factors of renewable energy, as a whole. The utilization of renewable and alternative energy sources with emphasis on utilizing solar energy, the tides and the wind could provide man with the following benefits. There are advantages which are clearly identified in utilizing alternative fuel sources. Among

Analyse the corporate governance statement of NewsCorp Essay

Analyse the corporate governance statement of NewsCorp - Essay Example With the help of the board which ought not have less than three members, it is expected that the director of the company hold office for only a year (NewsCorp 1). The director also needs to be elected through a majority vote and must enjoy their independence. Under the guideline of the corporate governance, NewsCorp indicates that board meetings are mandatory and reviews of the previous meetings must be done at all times (1). Executive sessions of the non-executive members of the board must also be held without the interference of the board members. Through the board meetings and headship, NewsCorp indicates that it becomes easy for the company to run its affairs (1). The board leader also feels free to manage the affairs of the company as an independent person; thus, effectual consultations and communication with the concerned stakeholders. It is also recommended that the members be keen whilst selecting their leader as leadership determines the kind of performance from the company. Additionally, the board is charged with the responsibility of coming up with various committees to assist the running of the company’s affairs. The committees include the Audit, the Nominating and Corporate Governance; and the Compensation Committees (NewsCorp 1). The committees involve independent directors who operate under Exchange Act and NASDAQ listing standards (NewsCorp 1). It is important to note that these committees have been given the mandate of retaining, deciding and terminating the fees by the consultants and other legal advisors based on their discretion. For instance the compensation & succession committee reviews on compensation issues of the CEO based on their performance as well as his/her compensation. This is done by assessing the potential of the existing members in the company, and who would be the best suitor in the company’s next management (NewsCorp 1). In terms of ethical standards of the company, the corporate governance does not hesitate t o specify its requirements from its members. NewsCorp indicates that the Board of Directors of the Company are keen to ensure that its members act in utmost integrity and respect to all employees in the company regardless of their affiliation (1). With the adoption of the Standards of Business Conduct, the board ensures that all the employees comply with the code of conduct. The company can therefore be argued to comply with the utmost standards of ethics. However, compliance with the ethics would not be achievable if the company did not have a chain of communication. The board then ensures that all the members have access to the ethics code and that they understand its contents well. For instance in relation to conflicts in the company, the members are aware of the procedures to follow, the same case applies in terms of property information and interaction with other persons such as government officials (NewsCorp 1). Employees are also conversant with what needs to be done in the e vent of harassment and safety of the workplace (NewsCorp 1). The CEO and financial officers are also not exempted from the code of conduct. Through its board, the Company felt the need for protecting its whistleblowers. However, stockholder communication has also been provided for, since it allows for effective communication with all the stakeholders of the company (NewsCorp 1). This

Advertisement Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Advertisement Analysis - Essay Example This paper argues that the differences in ad composition and approach as discussed above reflects underlying fundamental differences in the corporate and design cultures at Motorola/Google and Apple (Apple; Motorola Mobility) There is a need for Apple and for Motorola to persuade consumers that they have a need for a smart watch. Therefore there is room for their persuasive pieces of advertising, basically introducing the idea of the smart watch and arguing for the need for modern time pieces that are in line with the advances in technology and in line with the evolved needs of modern men. The watches are groundbreaking, thus the need for proper Introductions. Apple focuses on design, the beauty of the pieces, and the premium materials in sapphire and stainless steel, and the references to premium construction reflected in the close-up view of the watch. For the Moto 360 the reference is the need to upgrade the consumer’s notion of what a timepiece is, by showing the Moto 360’s touch capabilities and voice search capabilities provided by Google. In the Moto 360 ad the speaker is a representative of presumably the design and engineering team at Motorola, or else is a representative of Google from either the marketing or the general business side, even as the emphasis of the ads is on the premium nature of the materials and the design. The intended audiences are arguably early adopters in the case of Google, because of the way the message is pitched to those who are to be persuaded that the time for a smart watch has come. On the other hand, the reference to excellent design and materials and the close-up views of the Apple Watch, as well as the way the ad itself seems crafted for a mass audience, hints at the final audience of the ad and the pitch to be the mainstream consumers, who are being sold to the overall aesthetics of the Apple Watch

Analyse the corporate governance statement of NewsCorp Essay

Analyse the corporate governance statement of NewsCorp - Essay Example With the help of the board which ought not have less than three members, it is expected that the director of the company hold office for only a year (NewsCorp 1). The director also needs to be elected through a majority vote and must enjoy their independence. Under the guideline of the corporate governance, NewsCorp indicates that board meetings are mandatory and reviews of the previous meetings must be done at all times (1). Executive sessions of the non-executive members of the board must also be held without the interference of the board members. Through the board meetings and headship, NewsCorp indicates that it becomes easy for the company to run its affairs (1). The board leader also feels free to manage the affairs of the company as an independent person; thus, effectual consultations and communication with the concerned stakeholders. It is also recommended that the members be keen whilst selecting their leader as leadership determines the kind of performance from the company. Additionally, the board is charged with the responsibility of coming up with various committees to assist the running of the company’s affairs. The committees include the Audit, the Nominating and Corporate Governance; and the Compensation Committees (NewsCorp 1). The committees involve independent directors who operate under Exchange Act and NASDAQ listing standards (NewsCorp 1). It is important to note that these committees have been given the mandate of retaining, deciding and terminating the fees by the consultants and other legal advisors based on their discretion. For instance the compensation & succession committee reviews on compensation issues of the CEO based on their performance as well as his/her compensation. This is done by assessing the potential of the existing members in the company, and who would be the best suitor in the company’s next management (NewsCorp 1). In terms of ethical standards of the company, the corporate governance does not hesitate t o specify its requirements from its members. NewsCorp indicates that the Board of Directors of the Company are keen to ensure that its members act in utmost integrity and respect to all employees in the company regardless of their affiliation (1). With the adoption of the Standards of Business Conduct, the board ensures that all the employees comply with the code of conduct. The company can therefore be argued to comply with the utmost standards of ethics. However, compliance with the ethics would not be achievable if the company did not have a chain of communication. The board then ensures that all the members have access to the ethics code and that they understand its contents well. For instance in relation to conflicts in the company, the members are aware of the procedures to follow, the same case applies in terms of property information and interaction with other persons such as government officials (NewsCorp 1). Employees are also conversant with what needs to be done in the e vent of harassment and safety of the workplace (NewsCorp 1). The CEO and financial officers are also not exempted from the code of conduct. Through its board, the Company felt the need for protecting its whistleblowers. However, stockholder communication has also been provided for, since it allows for effective communication with all the stakeholders of the company (NewsCorp 1). This

Language and regions of the brain that contribute to language Essay

Language and regions of the brain that contribute to language - Essay Example This inability to speak is aphasia, while inability to produce speech is termed as Brocas aphasia or expressive aphasia. The individual displaying such damage also display problem in understanding speech and they have gross grammar misunderstandings. Individuals with Wernickes area defect can speak well but are not able to recognize and understand what others are saying. This is also known as receptive aphasia and such individuals respond with strange or meaningless words. This area is also related with speech comprehension. Individuals find it difficult to name things as they are poor in mental dictionaries. Brocas area is intimately connected with the Wernickes area by band of nerves known as arcuate fascilicus. Some individuals display damage in the arcuate fascilicus resulting in aphasia called conduction aphasia, such individuals can recognize the speech, also they are able to create coherent speech, but cannot replicate the words they

Speech Variation In Restaurants Essay Example for Free

Speech Variation In Restaurants Essay There are three different dialects in Pennsylvania that will give away where you reside. Why is there so much contrast in speech among the residents of the city and country? The culture where I am from has molded my speech, attitude, and actions; it also has created who I am today. The â€Å"city life† is exceptionally different from the â€Å"country life,† I know this because of my expedition to the middle of nowhere, Lock Haven, PA. Somewhere on the four-hour car ride from Philadelphia to Lock Haven, the residents begin to talk a little stranger with a different dialect then the east coast. For the last five years, I have been employed at a corporate owned Mexican-grill restaurant, Chili’s. When I came to school at the beginning of the Fall 2011 semester, I took on a job at the local corporate restaurant, Ruby Tuesday. By working in restaurants, it forced me to communicate with thousands of people from all over the world. Not only did I encounter the behavioral differences of the â€Å"townies† in the Lock Haven area, but also I found it extremely difficult to converse and understand the costumers and employees at Ruby Tuesday. Going out to eat is something you do for relaxation and pleasure, but when a new employee is thrown into the stressful world of the restaurant industry, the â€Å"new fish† is quickly exposed to words that may seem like a foreign language. Although the syntax in the restaurant business is the same as the English language, the function words vary. There are countless restaurant terms that are used by every position in the establishment. These function words also change through out the country. Not only are you dealing with regional accents, you are dealing with different terminology that is dependent on the location of the business. In the city, it is usually assumed that slang would be more present in the restaurants. This is a true statement for the costumers going out to eat, this is a false statement for the employees that have to represent a corporation that is located in an area of high population, where most of the income is coming from. I have seen more employees get fired in the city for being unprofessional and using slang then I have seen in Lock Haven. At Ruby Tuesday, I have found myself baffled countless times by some of morphology my costumers use. It’s frequent that the costumers have to repeat themselves because of the language barrier. A speech community is a group of people who set norms and expectations regarding the use of language, and being from the city makes any Philadelphia aborigine an outcast. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_community]. There are different words for the same thing, synonyms, which vary around the state of Pennsylvania in restaurants. For example the seating area around the bar is called the â€Å"lounge† in Philadelphia. The seating area around the bar in Lock Haven is still known as the dinning room area. [http://blog.etundra.com/in-the-restaurant/glossary-restaurant-terms/]. Pennsylvania is divided into roughly three different dialects, The Atlantic midland, East midland, and Pittsburg. [http://aschmann.net/AmEng/]. After watching videos of citizens such as City Councilman Frank Rizzo, Jr. who resides in Philadelphia, Rick Gray, mayor of Lancaster, and U.S. representative Michael Doyle of Pittsburg, it’s is evident that Pennsylvania has distinct native accents. After watching all three videos of these men talking, the accent and dialect that I can most relate to would be Frank Rizzo Jr., the accent that affiliates the most with Lock Haven dialect is Michael Doyle. The way Frank Rizzo pronounces his vowels are very distinct. You can tell in the way he says â€Å"bad, had, and dad,† the IPA sound |à ¦| is pronounced as the IPA sound |I| is pronounced, this is a sign that he is a native of Philadelphia tongue. By having different accents in the restaurant industry, it could get confusing because of the constant screaming and communication in the BOH (Back of the House, or kitchen). [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/phoneticsymbolsforenglish.htm] Just in Pennsylvania, there are at least three contrasting dialects. There are multifarious clues that can give away where a costumer or fellow employee is from. If one pays attention to the sound of the use of their vowel pronunciations, behavior, actions and use of slang, it is effortless. It is a phenomenon how just a few hours can exaggeratedly change the way someone talks. Next time you go out to eat, try to figure out where your server is from using these clues!

Business Studies coursework Task 8 continued: :: Business and Management Studies

Business Studies coursework Task 8 continued: Latest news shows that the car company, MG Rover will be taken over by a Chinese car manufacturer. This may vastly affect the sales of car production for the MG Rover Company. The company ‘Shanghai Automotive’ will own 70% of the company whilst MG Rover owning 30%, which means that the company may change names and affect customer’s who already own a MG car, meaning they may feel unhappy with the change, as the company production maybe moving to China. This means sales and customer satisfaction may change dramatically for the business. As the company is taking over (Shanghai Automotive) this means that they are going to inject around  £1 billion pounds aiming to make over 100 million cars a year. This means saving over 6000 jobs that would have been depleted if the Chinese car manufacturers had not come up with the money to save the business. This maybe recognised by the public, meaning that they like the new changes as they will be able to carry on with their job. However, the problems that have occurred are that they want to concentrate the main manufacturing of the car over in China, and bringing machines and technology over to Britain, but only are considering making around 200,000 cars. This means that the cars available are lower, and that people who buy the cars may think that they are buying a British car, but are buying a car exported from China, which they may not like. Especially if something goes wrong with the car that they have bought, they do not know if there are local garages and car manufacturers near their homes. This could mean that the customer is unhappy as more expenses are being made just to satisfy there non-British car. They may also be against the fact that there car has not been made in Britain; therefore it can only be fixed if it was sent back to the manufacturers in China. Reports have shown that there are three types of cars that they will introduce under the new manufacturers ‘Shanghai Automotive’. The first will be the mid-sized family car, then the sports car, and finally a smaller car like the Rover 25, and also a sleek executive model. This is good news as we are promoting the MG-TF, which is a sports car, so in the future when we are promoting the MG-TF, we can be sure that sales will happen, because sports cars will still be made. As the production of cars is being extended to China, both ‘Shanghai Automotive’ and ‘MG Rover’ have said they are expanding the business

Essay For Setting :: essays research papers

Essay for Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A setting is where and when the story takes place. Most of the setting involves the time and place of the action, and like â€Å"The Three Strangers†, by Thomas Hardy, who presents this short story with good development and distinctive setting. In this work of his, he creates a captivating atmosphere, emphasizes the force that the protagonist struggles with, and he makes it believable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hardy creates an environment of rough landscape with phrases like â€Å"Three miles of irregular upland†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (760), thus creating a feeling of insecurity. Hardy also represents it in â€Å"†¦some starved fragment of ancient hedge is usually taken advantage of the erection of these forlorn dwellings† (760). In addition, we see the forming of an environment of danger, like in the passage where it says â€Å"†¦straightway several of the party fell into the snare set by Nature for all misguided midnight ramblers over this part of the cretaceous formation†¦flint slopes, which belted the escarpment†¦losing their footing on the rubbly steep they slid sharply downwards†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (771). Therefore, giving a mood of mystery and of tension.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, Hardy emphasizes that struggle between the protagonist and the people or forces acting on them throughout the whole short story. For example, although Mrs. Fennel allows the new arrivals in her house, she seems uncomfortable with them, â€Å"This testimony to the youthfulness of his hostess had the effect of stopping her cross-examination† (764). Similarly, we see that the moment the second stranger gets in the house, the first one tries to create a friendly environment with him, â€Å"†¦and the first stranger handled his neighbor (the second stranger) the family mug†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and also, in the silence of everyone to the second stranger’s song, the first stranger would join in; â€Å"The room was silent when he had finished the verse-with one exception, that of the man in the chimney corner who at the singer’s voice, ‘Chorus’ joined in†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (768).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Third, the author makes it believable when he states places, dates, and regional customs. For instance, when instead of the word tobacco, he places baccy, which was a word from that specific place and time, â€Å"The shepherd filled and handed him a new clay pipe, saying as he did so, ‘Hand me your baccy box- I’ll fill that too, now I am about it’ †(765). Also when it says â€Å"Among the few features of agricultural England which retain and appearance but little modified by the lapse of centuries†¦ †, â€Å"Shaking the water drops from his low-crowned glazed hat, he said, ‘I must ask for a few minutes’ shelter comrades, or I shall be wetted to my skin before I get to Casterbridge.

Samsung Electronics Business Plan

Samsung Electronics founded in 1969 with its headquarters in Samsung Town, Seoul, is part of the Samsung Group, which includes dozens of companies with vast interests. Through the last 40 years, the company had risen to become a global leader in the consumer electronics brands market with its innovative products such as mobile phones, TVs, and monitors. At present, Samsung Electronics leads the Samsung subsidiaries with more than 157,000 employees in their various assembly plants and sales network across 65 countries around the globe. With its revenue of $117. 4 billion in 2009, it has become one of the world class electronics company. Furthermore, Samsung Electronics industry is consumer electronics, Telecommunications and semiconductor. According to information of their corporate website, from its pioneer operations of an export business, the company has divested into electronics with specialty in digital, media, and microchips, memories, and systems integration. At present, the company’s innovative solutions on products and processes are recognized globally. The company attained a leadership position in the year 2009 when it surpassed leader Hewlett-Packard the erstwhile leader. Importantly, as a response to the downturn in the economy in 2009, Samsung Electronics of Seoul, South Korea, ‘implemented a structural reorganization to become more efficient to deal with worsening economic conditions. According to a Samsung spokeswoman Hwang Eun-ju, the changes were necessary to â€Å"effectively respond to the current global recession. † Samsung embarked on a management structural change from the sole Chief Executive Officer system, to a dual management structure with effective teams. Goals. Given revolutionary changes and opportunities digital age has brought to global businesses, Samsung electronics has and will continually respond with advanced technologies competitive products and innovativeness. Over the next five years and more, Samsung Electronics’ goal is to display unflinching commitment to making life easier and more comfortable for its consumers by taking advantage of the group’s key strengths: â€Å"New Technology,† â€Å"Innovative Products,† and â€Å"Creative Solutions. † Suffice it to say at this point that, in all the aforementioned goals, controlling cash flow and profitability will be an undertone. Products Samsung Electronics is the global leading manufacturer of memory chips, LCDs, and flat screen televisions, and is competitive in mobile manufactures. For over a decade, Samsung has maintained its leading position in microchip making. The company also manufactures an array of home appliances, TV/audio and video, cameras, and camcorders, monitors, and notebooks, and print solutions. In the area of wireless networking, Samsung Electronics developed protocols that were accepted internationally and used widely in foreign markets. Summary Organizational structure, control, and coordinating mechanisms are key variables for strategic implementation. An adaptive organizational structure facilitates changes in strategy, competitive moves, and changes in the environment. (Deresky, 2010, p. 257). Samsung Electronics which is a flagship of the Samsung group has carved a niche for its self in the consumer electronics market. Their major goal is to stay innovative to give value to their core groups- the industry, partners, and employees. In doing this however, an organizational structure that supports cash flow management and profitability will be erected to combat negative economic trends. References * Deresky, H. (2011). International management: Managing across borders and cultures (7th ed.).   Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Samsung beats HP to pole position. Financial Times. Retrieved April 23, 2011 from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/c48d477a-0c3b-11df-8b81-00144feabdc0.html. Samsung Electronics Background. Retrieved, April 24, 2011 from ceridian.co.uk   www.ceridian.co.uk/hr/brochures/Samsung

Jane Austen’s View on Men: The Contrasts of the Gentlemen Essay

What Brabourne has astutely perceived is not only Austen’s ability to tell extraordinary stories about ordinary people, but also her penchant of revealing, through her works, the various aspects of the nature and behaviour of men and women. Jane Austen is regarded as one of the leading novelists of her era. Some of her most notable works include Pride and Prejudice, Emma and Sense and Sensibility. A common element that the reader will find in all these novels is the author’s attempt to explore the many facets of the human temperament. It is widely accepted that Austen’s novels delve into the consciousness of the female mind and the factors that govern their behaviour. Through her complex female characters, she expressed her own views and outlooks and displayed subtle hints of feminism. But what many readers fail to discern is her tendency to analyse the qualities of her male counterparts. The word â€Å"gentleman† has lost some of its profundity in the world as it exists today. But a gentleman in the pre-Victorian era was considered to be a man of principles and values. Not only did he conduct himself in a manner most chivalrous and civil but also possessed a polite and sophisticated demeanour, and more often than not, the luxury of wealth. One might have been a gentleman by birth, which would include a man born in a noble and respectable family, enjoying a higher status in society as compared to the commoners. Therefore, one might say that social position and family were major attributes considered while terming someone a gentleman. Such men seldom indulged in work or manual labour and lived mainly off of the property and wealth that was bequeathed to them. A man could also acquire the title of a gentleman by exhibiting the traits required to be possessed by one. Such men worked their way up the social ladder by attaining wealth and status, mingling with people of noble upbringing and developing a courteous and refined disposition. In order to fully comprehend as well as appreciate the implication and significance of Jane Austen’s works, it is highly imperative to consider her novels in the light of how they reflected upon her views regarding â€Å"gentlemen†, as well as men in general. Without analysing the role that men play in the novels of Jane Austen, it would not be feasible for the reader to recognise the complete magnitude of her works. By inspecting Austen’s point of view regarding men, the reader can gain an insight into the diverse qualities that men exhibit, in addition to the relationships and experiences in Austen’s own life that govern her characters. Further it also allows us to relate to the men in our own lives. The reader will find numerous instances wherein Austen has endeavoured to explicate upon her notions regarding men. She has examined many characters of diverse natures in order to establish the different types of gentlemen that existed in the society of her times. Austen frequently used comparison and contrast as a means of expressing her views lucidly. She brought into the picture two gentlemen of varying natures, and by weighing one against the other, ascertained the distinctive characteristics displayed by them. Jane Austen’s scrutiny of men is limited not only to their physical appearance, but extends to their emotional and mental conditions. She has examined and judged men based on their intelligence, their sense of morality, their aptitude and their financial situation. Conclusion: The society that existed during Jane Austen’s life and times was primarily a patriarchal one. Men wore the pants and controlled all the major affairs. Through her works, Austen has attempted to deconstruct this society and give her readers a glimpse into the circumstances of the time. Her works have also permitted us to identify with her own thoughts and notions regarding society, the role of women and also her views on men. She has employed characters of varying dispositions, in each of her works, to attain the said objective. Her works including Pride and Prejudice, Emma and Sense and Sensibility are all examples of such works. In Pride and Prejudice, the reader will find that the two focal characters that Austen has used to illustrate her approach are Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy and George Wickham. The two men are largely represented through the eyes of Ms. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel. While Mr. Darcy is at first portrayed as a prejudiced, condescending and supercilious individual, the latter is depicted as being more congenial and gracious. Both however, had grown up under the same roof. The disparity shown in the two gentlemen’s natures suggests that even though two persons may be brought up to imbibe the same sets of values and traditions, it is quite possible that they may turn out quite different from one another. The rearing of a person often has a less considerable impact upon him than his own innate character. But ultimately, what Elizabeth and the readers discover is that a man cannot be judged simply by his appearance. Wickham, who appears to be polite and quite the gentleman is revealed to be a treacherous and perfidious person on account of his deceitful actions. On the other hand, we realize that Mr. Darcy is the true gentleman, a man of honour, fidelity and sincerity. By contrasting the characters of Darcy and Wickham, time and again, Austen has shrewdly imparted knowledge as to the attributes of an honest man and a true gentleman. Emma is another one of Jane Austen’s works that provides us with an insight into the diverse natures displayed by men. Here the distinguishing factor lies in the way in which a man puts his mental and intellectual qualities to use. Further, it also elucidates the importance that a gentleman would ascribe to his social and moral responsibilities. While George Knightley uses his intellect for the purpose of doing good Frank Churchill uses his mental capabilities for selfish and unethical reasons. The former is driven by his sense of responsibility towards society as well as the cause of morality; the latter is driven by corrupt intentions that would benefit no one but himself. In Sense and Sensibility, Austen employs the characters of Colonel Brandon and John Willoughby to demonstrate the essence of gentlemanly behaviour. The conduct of a man, particularly towards women is a crucial feature in determining his potential for being called a gentleman. Willoughby, although suave, handsome and an epitome of the young, charming men that women covet, is far from being a gentleman. Brandon is the gentleman, having comported himself in that manner. They are both in love with the same woman and yet it is their behaviour towards her that causes to differentiate between them. An element of emotion has been brought into play here by the author, wherein she establishes the disparate nature of the two men by depicting one as kind and thoughtful, and the other as unsympathetic and callous. The above mentioned works reveal different facets of a man’s nature that would endow him with the privilege of being referred to as a gentleman. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen has proved that it is the conduct and behaviour of the men that distinguish them from one another. In Emma, she reveals her belief that it is the aspect of how one uses his mental faculties that brings out the true gentleman. Understanding one’s moral duties and ensuring that one is faithful to them is a sign of an absolute gentleman. And lastly, in Sense and Sensibility, emotional and behavioural traits define a gentleman. Austen here discloses her standpoint about the significance of a man’s conduct and the virtues of being considerate and sympathetic in establishing his being a gentleman. At the end of all three novels, it is the true gentleman that succeeds in winning over his love, confirming that Jane Austen was of the opinion that it is always the noble, well-mannered, kind and moral man that is ultimately victorious.

Ambivalant Title of ‘the Demon Lover’ and ‘the Open Window’

Man has always lived in a most deceiving world, and departed from that idea, every self-respecting author wants to make his readers more sensitive to our planet as it stands. In libraries, shelves are overloaded with committed novels, but it is certainly possible to make an issue and to make the audience well-aware of its own naivety by the use of an ambivalent title, as Elizabeth Bowen and Saki have tried to do with their respective short stories ‘The Demon Lover’ and ‘The Open Window’. The first tale yet, ‘The Demon Lover’, shows that it is not that difficult to put one on the wrong track. The title implies that it might be a ghost story, which was still very popular those days, but after a first lecture we can conclude that this is not the case. In spite of the spooky setting – such as the old dusty house in a abandoned neighborhood – and implicit assumptions about the potential presence of a ghost, there are no explicit clues that come up to the reader’s first expectations. Even the suspicious letter on the hall table is not convincing enough; what is more, the fact that no one significant had any key of the house, that there was no stamp on the envelop, that the letter was signed with the first letter of Mrs. Drover’s name and that â€Å"she went to the mirror† (p. 4, l. 27) to see her reflection raises the question whether she did not write it herself. The only demons that occur in the story are those of Mrs. Drover’s past: she is constantly betrayed by nervous twitches as â€Å"an intermittent muscular flicker to the left of her mouth† (p. 4, l. 36), and by the flash-backs to her cold lover in her youth. Incapable to leave her traumas behind, not a single day passes without being haunted by delusions, which is at a low ebb when she mistakes the taxi driver for her formal fiance and she drives completely mad. Delusions could also be found in the other story, ‘The Open Window’. Just like in Bowen’s story, one might be mistaken about the fact that the text deals with paranormal phenomena – for instance the beginning the story that could be interpreted as a ghost story, but â€Å"an undefinable something about the room seemed to suggest masculine habitation† (p. 69, l. 25) shows that there are actually still living there. It starts already with the names of the protagonists: one might think those do not have any significant purpose within the story, but in point of fact, these names are the foundations of he tale. On one hand, Vera’s name could be an ironic prophecy: although it might be a word pun for ‘veracious’, it draws the audience’s attention to be very careful with her treacherous tales. On the other hand, by becoming nuts at the end of the story, Mr. Nuttel wears a very appropriate name. For both of them, the title can have a different meaning: a symbolical for Mr. Nuttel, for whom the fresh air blown into the room represents a new start in life, and a useful one for Vera, who is very keen on deceiving and telling great stories. â€Å"Romance at short notice was her specialty† (p. 70, l. 30)) What is more, because she is a professional manipulator, differences between reality and imagination become slightly invisible, but the open window will open their eyes too, so that they will be forced to think twice. The conclusion is simple: different interpretations ascribed to an ambivalent title do not only broaden one’s horizon, but one could also gain a clear understanding of social standards, human mind and the world in general. And last but not least, it is the perfect way for man to overcome their own naivety.

Individual Employment Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Employment Law - Coursework Example Employees have a right to a time off when making provision of care for dependants who are ill. The application of the right for a time off demands that the employee notify his or her employer the requirement for his or her emergency time off, as quickly as it is reasonably practicable. Employees are supposed to cite the need for the leave and possibly the expected duration of the leave. Except on the employers’ absolute discretion, employees lack entitlement to pay in the event of a time off. The emergency is not applicable to events where employees are expectant of time off, as the events cannot be classified as emergencies. In such circumstances, the employee should take time off as an annual leave (Selwyn 2006, p. 451). Case Study In the case Royal Bank of Scotland V Harrison, Mrs. Harrison was abruptly informed by the child minder of termination of services. Mrs. Harrison was unsuccessful in finding an alternative arrangement; thus, she had to take leave to care for her ch ildren herself. However, she faced disciplinary action and issued with a verbal warning for her unauthorized absence. Mrs. Harrison made a complaint to the employment tribunal for being subjected to detriment as a consequence for taking a day off. The tribunal ruled in her favour and the Royal Bank of Scotland unsuccessfully appealed with claims that the leave was not unexpected; hence, it could not be protected by the legislation. The tribunal ruled that employees should be protected from any detriment, especially in circumstances where they take a time off in accordance with the statutory right (Collins 2010, p.94). Time off is not applicable to situations in which employees need extensive time off to look after the dependants themselves. Should Bruce be subjected to a disciplinary hearing? The Employment Rights Act 1996 [47C] stipulates that any employee should not suffer detriment by any act, or any intentional failure by the employer for prescribed reasons. It will also be unju st to dismiss an employee on the basis of taking a time off. The employment law avails guidance to emergency leave for dependants as well as grievance procedures (Kidner 2006, p. 313). Is Bruce Entitled to take Leave in an Emergency? Bruce satisfies the conditions set out in the Employment Rights Act [57A] and 57B and has an entitlement to take a time off to take his wife to the hospital, which is in essence a family emergency (Morris, McKay & Oates 2009, p.653). Bruce has a statutory right to take an emergency unpaid time off in order to care for his wife. The right is applicable out of necessity where there is an unforeseen disruption or termination of arrangements for care of a Dependant. As an employee, Bruce has every right to take a leave for such purposes as prescribe (illness of his wife). The time off that Bruce took is not inconsistent with the Act and thus should not be subjected to detriment. The time off cannot be described as unauthorized time because Mary is a dependa nt and relies on Bruce when ill. Secondly, Bruce had already made arrangements for the provision of care to his wife in the occasion that she fell ill; he did this by inviting his mother to take his wife to the outpatient centre. Thirdly, Bruce had informed the line manager in a reasonable time of the intended time off, besides the fact that he was responding to deal with a crisis. Bruce’

Management Information Systems at Wal-mart Essay

Management Information Systems at Wal-mart - Essay Example The intention of this study is Wal-mart as the largest retail company in the world that has been on the top of Fortune’s 500 list for several years. It is also the largest employer in the world. Wal-mart deals in general merchandise as well as specialized product lines such as pharmacy, tire and lube express and photo processing. Wal-mart sells high quality branded products to its customers at the lowest prices. Wal-mart achieves this seemingly contradictory combination right using advanced management information systems. In addition, it makes special long term contracts with big suppliers and removes middlemen. The basic idea behind Wal-mart’s business is discount merchandising that is keeping margins low by selling at a large discount but improving the top-line by selling a very large volume of products. In realizing Wal-mart’s corporate strategies in practice, management information systems have played the most significant role. Wal-mart’s supply chain is considered the best in the world due to a very efficient use of information technology. This is the company’s core competency. Wal-mart has been a pioneer of many supply chain management practices based on advanced information systems. The use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is the biggest and most recent of these. The following sections discuss the use of management information systems used by Wal-mart and the strategic advantages derived by the company as a result of them. 3. Wal-mart’s Inventory Management System Wal-mart uses an inventory management system called Retail Link. This system allows the suppliers to have a look at the number of products of each type at the shelves in each retail store of Wal-mart at any given time. In addition, the system gives information about the sales rate for any period say an hour, a day, a week or a year. The suppliers also get real time information about the time of the day their products sell, the accompanying produ cts which it sells and other details. All this information helps the supplier companies in efficient inventory management. In many cases, Wal-mart leaves the stock decisions entirely to the supplier companies. This saves considerable costs in administration. The inventory risks such as stock-outs are hence transferred to the suppliers. This leads to a significant cost reduction (PriceWaterHouseCoopers, 2010). 4. Channel Partnership with big companies through information systems Wal-mart has forged several strategic partnerships with major supplier companies. These partnerships have been facilitated by modern information systems and flawless execution. A prominent case study is the strategic partnership between Wal-mart and Procter & Gamble. Both the companies are major players in their sectors. They have developed a common supply chain information sharing channel to better co-ordinate the supply chain activities. What began as a data sharing activity slowly permeated through strateg ic, operational and tactical levels in the two organizations. For achieving their objectives, Wal-mart and P&G together came up with a data highway that allowed the companies to share information on sales at all stores, types and time of sale, shelf information and so on. This drove down costs of both companies and increase customer satisfaction. The conceptual diagram for the data highway is shown in Figure 1.4.1. Figure 1.4.1: Channel Partnership Data Highway between Wal-mart and P&G Source: Grean, Michael; Shaw, Michael J. Supply Chain Integration through Information Sharing: Channel partnership between Wal-mart and Procter & Gamble In this approach, Wal-mart used scanners inside its retail stores to study their own business. The observations were critically analyzed. P&G used consumer buying patterns and compared it with the customer information available from market research or other activities. All the information collected and analyzed by the two companies was collected. This led to

Compare and contrast market systems and the role of an economist Research Paper

Compare and contrast market systems and the role of an economist within these systems - Research Paper Example Perfect Competition is a market system defined by a large number of buyers and sellers, similar type of products and a low cost of production (Pass, Lowes & Davies, 1993). In Perfect Competition, the role of an economist is to identify the barriers that may hamper the free play of demand and supply. Monopoly is a market system that comprises of a single seller and a product with no close substitutes (Pass, Lowes & Davies, 1993). Contrary to Perfect Competition, in a Monopoly, the seller commands a significant control over the price of the sold goods or services. Any economist dedicated to capitalism ought to extend a theoretical and ethical resistance in a monopolistic scenario. An Oligopoly is a market system dominated by a few sellers (Pass, Lowes & Davies, 1993). The products sold are usually identical or similar and are mostly associated with high cost investments, thereby discouraging the entry of the new players. The primary job of an economist in an oligopolistic market system should be to strive for a more efficient distribution of resources, thereby enabling the entry of new firms and an augmentation in

Fundamental of International Buisness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamental of International Buisness - Essay Example It describes the increase of trade and investing due to the falling of barriers and the interdependence of countries, particularly trade liberalisation or "free trade" (Globalization, 2005). So, the main driven forces of the Southeast Asia market include political, social and economic changes. Political driven forces were caused by changes in political doctrines. Primarily, a struggle between socialist and capitalist countries is over (Buckley, Ghauri, 1999). If we assume that "the essence of globalization is a subordination of human rights, labor rights, consumer right" (Ralph Nader), we should accept the view that trade and market relations is nothing more than subordination of human rights. But it is not true. To support this point of view, it is possible to use the theory of Adam Smith who wrote that markets function without conscious control because individuals take their private decisions in response to publicly-known signals (Himmelweit, et al. 2001). It is possible to agree t hat American and European companies create jobs overseas at the expense of domestic jobs, which does not break the rights of workers from the poorest countries. In addition, the globalization of industries has created surplus production capacity on a massive scale. Proposition of quality products which compete with the national brands does not humiliate consumers rights.

Social issue that is arguable( I leave here open to let you selcet the Research Paper

Social issue that is arguable( I leave here open to let you selcet the topic) - Research Paper Example The situation in USA is alarming with two thirds of the adults’ population being described as either obese or overweight, while childhood obesity almost tripled in the past three decades (Kalaidis, theweek.com). FAO ranks USA second after Brazil with 31.8 percent of adults being obese (Kalaidis, theweek.com). The developing and persistent problem has led to the obesity and overweight conditions been referred to as ‘the white man problems.’ Perhaps because of the duration the problems have remained in the western world. As of 2013, statistics indicated that 23.9 million children were obese or overweight, approximately 5 times more compared to the 1970s, and 154.7 million adults in the situation, which has more than doubled after the 70s (American Heart Association, Heart.org). This speculation is arguably not a fact; most people in poor African and Asian nation struggle with these diseases. Past research indicate that â€Å"nutrition transition had been accelerating in developing nation, with an increasing trend in energy intake, especially from high energy density, high fat and low fiber diets, which is as a result of income changes that affect their dietary behavior, causing the burden of diseases related to poor diets shift more to the poor† (Du et al. 1512). Itâ₠¬â„¢s quite rampant in the famous sub Saharan regions where hunger and STDs have dominated. In fact the obesity situation is said to almost outdo the hunger crisis. This paper argues that the solution to preventing diseases caused by obesity and overweight does not lie within the taxation policies, but requires set of combined measures to assist the population in healthy consumption. It evaluates food taxes effectiveness, resulting implications and complexity of the policy. Governments across the world have deployed diverse measures in fight against obesity and overweight diet related

Character Compare and Contrast Essay Example for Free

Character Compare and Contrast Essay The 2 characters that are the main spotlight in this story are Jack and Ralph. They are great leaders but they have different ways of leading others. However they have different goals and that leads to arguments and in the end separation. Even in all the hardships, the littleuns still caused Ralph and Jack to add another worry about the â€Å"beast† into their list of worries Even though Jack and Ralph are innocent and mature at the start, they will break mentally in the end without civilisation to keep them sane. Jack and Ralph are great leaders but they have different ways of leading. Jack’s way of leading is more into the dictator type but Ralph is more into the democracy type. Ralph likes to get ideas and ask for volunteers to do them while Jack likes to tell others what to do.Even though they all agreed to the cliffs and the outhouses and there always has to be water in the coconut shells, but they all forgot about it and do it everywhere. As time passes arguments happens and they fought for leadership. Even though Jack and Ralph work well together but different goals caused them to separate. Jack’s goal is to hunt pigs and go wild in the forest ,but Ralph’s goal is to get off the island and stay alive. They are enthusiastic about the idea of building a signal fire to go back home, the hunters who are supposed to look after it were too focused on hunting the pig for food and left it to go out at the most crucial point. While they are hunting and the fire went out, a ship came pass by and went past them like they didn’t even exist.This accident caused Ralph and Jack into an argument that would eventually lead to separation. The littleuns like to play around but even though they they don’t have to do anything, they also have to make Jack and Ralph worry about the â€Å"beast.† Even though the littleums don’t have to do anything, they still have to create problems by lighting a spark of fear into others by the story of the â€Å"beast.† The day after the kid with the birthmark told them about the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"beast,† he’s gone and no one has yet seen him and they just took him out of their memories and made him disappear like he never existed. Even though the fear of the â€Å"beast’s† gone, once a fear of it is lit it would stay there forever and hunt them even in their dreams. Once they all are mentally broken, Jack took action and rebelled, overthrowing Ralph’s leadership. Even though both Jack and Ralph has the same background and have a similar life style, they still argue with each other and fought over the conch, the symbol of leadership. Jack and Ralph are great leaders but they have different ways of leading and thinking. They also have 2 different priorities which Ralph’s is staying alive and getting off the island back to their homes, but Jack’s priority is to hunt and go wild. Even though they have to worry about who’s in power constantly, the littleuns still have to light a spark of fear that gradually built up like pressure in a pressure tank and once it went over the limit, it blew. Even though they fought and argued they still did well staying alive even with out adults. Works Cited Golding, William. Lord of the flies. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2012. Print

The Islamic Principles Of Advertising Marketing Essay

The Islamic Principles Of Advertising Marketing Essay Our research is an attempt to establish an advertisement evaluating scale based on  guidelines  provided by the shariah advisors/ Islamic Scholars. Using that scale we evaluated three sectors of Pakistan;  Telecom, Detergent  and Beverages sector. Through  this  scale we were able to conclude which particular companys/sectors advertising  activities  are  complying  or non-complying  with the shariah  guidelines to a certain extent because our variables were limited in number. We  focused our study on the three highest spending sectors on  advertisements. From Telecom sector we picked to evaluate commercials of Mobilink, Ufone and Telenor. From detergent sector we picked Ariel, Surf Excel and Brite Total. From Beverages sector we picked Cocoa Cola, Pepsi and Pakola. Five TV commercials of each company for the year 2009, 2010 2011 were selected for evaluation. Through an in depth study of various related research journals and primary data analysis that included interviews with mufti /Islamic scholars we created a relationship between the above mentioned five levels of  violations  and the elements of an  advertisement.  In order to strengthen our analysis we had our evaluating scales and its variables endorsed by an Islamic  scholar.   Our variables were evaluated based on the five levels of Not allowed/Sins in Islam; which are Haram (Being the highest level of  violation  ), Makrooh-e-Tehreemi, Makrooh-e-Tanzeehi, Dislikes, Not Recommended and Mubaah (considere as breakeven point where there is no sin and no reward).  It also showed how this area of research is relatively new and there is a lot to be explored and worked upon. Our major limitations were the time and human resource constraints The findings of our data collected indicate that Telecommunication sector is the least compliant and Detergent sector being the most complaint comparatively in their marketing activities. We noticed that the most common violation was inappropriate displaying of females in various contexts. It also showed how certain actions and behaviors were promoted that goes against our culture and religion; considering how advertisements is a part of mass communication it plays a major role in shaping a societys social ethics and values . 5. Introduction Companies advertise for three main reasons; to create awareness about their product or service, to influence or persuade consumers to buy their product or service and to provide information about their product features and usage. Every person view advertisements differently for example for some it is a way to inform consumers about inflating prices and some view it as unnecessary hard effort to sell something. Advertisements have taken many forms to communicate to their target audience. Advertising has been revolutionized from past several years specifically in 2006 when YouTube was introduced. After this social media advertising became very famous and companies started going all viral. When a company decides to advertise, a lot of factors come into question. The company policies, industry norms as well as the product features itself play an important role as to what an advertisement is going to look like. Also the current advertising practices have an influence as what kinds of concepts are being currently used by different brands across various sectors. And of course, the legal constituents have to be looked at so that none of the advertising material has any illegal content in it. For this study, we are going to analyze the current advertising content being used in Pakistan by various brands/companies and compare them with Islamic teachings and traditions and establish whether these brands/companies are following the Islamic way considering the fact the Pakistan is an Islamic republic and therefore it can have a huge influence on the consumer mindsets regarding the daily lives as well as their perception regarding the brand/company or product itself. Through this study we also aim to find out how much, if so, are the brands/companies treading over water when it comes to advertising according to Islamic teachings and principles. By selecting particular sectors, we will study which sector has the most frequent use of such practices in their advertising and marketing 5.1 Variables of the study The variables of the study include the following: Factual Information Living thing element Morals and Ethics The Product itself Advertisement of three major sector Factual information: If the claim is not valid and tested by an authority than it is considered to be fraud or malpractice in the religion of Islam. A business or advertisement is required to only make claims that are properly tested by a recognized authority and prove their claims. Also, An advertiser must not lie or cover up information from the consumer. Facts must be presented in a clear and easily understandable manner. Living Thing Element: This element is based on the three perspective of modern, liberal and conservative views of Islamic practices. However we choose to refer to the liberal view as it is neither of the two extreme opinions on the showcasing of living beings Morals and ethics: This is similar to the everyday prescribed Islamic practices as applied to the daily lives of Muslim. Same should translate onto the business dealings, trading and advertising as the basic principles or moral rights, decency, modesty and ethics remain the same. Particular guidelines are established through reference to the Holy Quran and also through the principles and teaching of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Product itself: The product itself must be a halal product and free from haram or un-Islamic ingredients such as alcohol and swine. If a haram ingredient exist in a product it is an internal flaw of the product and this product should not be traded with the Muslim public. However, if the product is Halal and free of haram ingredients but is sold or used in a manner which is considered improper or haram in the Islamic Shariah then, an external flaw is said to exist in the product. Advertisement content: Advertisements were selected based on convenience sampling techniques. We selected sectors with the largest television advertisement spending and therefore highest frequency of advertisement aired in a given period of time. 5.2 Research methodology Only qualitative research shall take place. Preliminary research will be done by interviewing several muftis and Islamic experts in order to know the basic Islamic principle of advertising. Also Fatwas or endorsements by Islamic scholars or experts will be taken from them to strengthen the validity of our research. . Advertisements will be selected from each sectors and evaluated on the basis of a standard checklist to make comparisons. Secondary research will included the research papers and journal papers already present on the subject of Islamic advertising 5.3 Sample size sample techniques We are observing convenience based sampling. We selected the last three years i.e. 2009, 2010, 2011 from which we took the advertisement to evaluate. Also, from each sector we selected three companies with the highest advertising budgets as their advertisements appeared on air the most often. In each year we considered 5.4 Scope of study We selected all the top 3 sectors which contributed highest in the Tv advertisements on the basis of the research done by Pakistan Advertisers Society. We selected top 3 companies from each sector and evaluate their 3 years Tvc on the basis of theoretical framework. This research was done in Karachi with the available Tvc. As we were evaluating ads on the basis of Islamic principle, we need a good insight in Islamic teaching in evaluating Ads for which we interview Mr Irshad Ahmad who is Mufti and Shariah Advisor at Bank Islami. 5.5 Research objectives This purpose of this study is: To establish whether Pakistani advertisements are according to the Islamic principles of advertising. To identify the different sectors advertisements that does not follow basic Islamic rules and regulations. To determine the level of violation committed by the selected companies in the sector. To determine in which areas the most violations occur To determine the nature of the violations 5.6 Research questions What are the basic Islamic principles and parameters an advertiser is required to follow? What is the alignment with Advertisement regulation bodies/system, ethics and Islamic Advertisement? Is the advertisement content supporting or following the Islamic principles? What is the number or intensity of violation committed by the advertisement? 6. Literature review We reviewed articles, journals, books and research paper. All the research and readings were done online using various websites including Online Emeralds Journals, Queensland university of Sydney Online Library and Szabist Digital Library. We came across a definition of Islamic Marketing i.e.The process of identification and implementation of value maximization strategies for the Welfare of the stakeholders in particular and the society in general governed by the guidelines given in Quran and Sunnah (Hassnain, 2011). This helps us in giving a direction of what our research would revolve around and where and how to initiate it. It also provided a basis to carry out our research further and establish the basic parameter to base our finding on. As per research, it shows that this area of Evaluating advertising on the basis of Islamic teachings or perspective is vast. Limited studies have been carried out to satisfy the coverage of all Islamic parameter. Its one of the areas where we see growing interest of researchers, development is also taking place where Islamic standards and parameters are being set for marketers/advertisers who plan to opt for following Islamic way of marketing.   In the studies that are available its noticeably mentioned by Islamic scholars and authorities that advertising/marketing is a practice that has existed since the beginning of the religion itself provided there are fine lines based on Quran, Hadith and interpretations of scholars, with in which every allowed/halal business is allowed to market their product or service. One of the prominent and interesting findings that is relatively new in nature and which we plan to explore further as well is the new concept of two new Ps as per Islamic Marketing. They are apart from the existing 7Ps of marketing known as Promise and Patience. (Abuznaid, 2012, p.7) 6.1 Islamic Principles of Advertising According to Quran and Sunnah, consumers must ensure that all the 4ps of marketing should be according to Islamic principles also if any transaction is occurring than all the parties must benefit from it. All the advertisements should be communicated in a truthful manner rather than misleading or cheating the consumers, also all the dealings should be carried out in a justice way (Hanafy and Salam, 1988) The three key purpose or functions of the advertising is to inform the consumer about products or services and their features whether they are already existing or new products or services launched, to persuade them to purchase and then to repurchase the products, and also to remind them about the product over a period of time (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). This will lead them to a healthy competition and customers will benefit from huge varieties of products and services (Anwar and Saeed, 1996). Nevertheless Islamic advertising variables are applied to the communication style such as, honesty of communication which includes factual information and truthful representation of facts and figures, acknowledging and appreciating that all human being are different and embracing the diversity of the human race, justice, equality and fairness, the respect and position of women, the parts women play in life, patterns of consumption behavior, ethical values and modesty, and the environment and its wellbeing (Rice and Al-Mossawi 2002) People are trying to identify Islamic ways of consumption and marketing. Muslim consumers are growing due to their purchasing power and this increase in purchasing power is due to development of the middle class and economic systems where people can afford to buy branded products and are particularly brand conscious (Nasr, 2009). Also, Muslim entrepreneurs are also increasing in Muslim societies and they are eagerly following Islamic principles of marketing (Adas, 2006;Osella and Osella, 2009). People viewed Muslims as poor and that they dont have any knowledge about branded products because they were considered as uneducated and militants. ( Said, 1978) The market was on a halt until and unless Muslim consumers were discovered, Islam has become more visible now in many societies and several studies appeared on Islamic movements (Esposito, 1998; Wiktorowicz, 2004; Bayat, 2005).Religious teachings greatly affect the choice of consumers in an Islamic market, any marketing campaign which is haram or not according to Islamic principles will face major problem in an Islamic market (Alserhan, (2010) Showing unnecessary spending on useless things in advertisements is against Islamic teachings. Nevertheless showing price discounts are not forbidden. (Abdullah, 2008). Quran states, Those who, when they spend, are not extravagant and not niggardly, but hold a just (balance) between those (extremes) (Al-Furqan-25:67). 6.2 Islamic Perspectives on Advertising Scholars say that advertising itself is not haram as it just incorporates a medium of giving a message to the general public, they state that preaching can also be considered as a form of advertising but they say that just like preaching, certain ethics should be followed while advertising ones products or services (Nooh, 2009). The main conflicts which arise between ethics and advertising are the exploitation of women and promoting unwanted use of products. Moreover, Current advertising practices are said to contain various social and ethical problems that reflect little knowledge and awareness of the advertiser on how to effectively market to their Muslim target audience in a manner that increases their acceptability. Contemporary advertisements appear to be more focused on materialism. These advertisements promote consumerism rather than adequately informing the user about the functional uses of their product and purposely hide the flaws of the product while exaggerating the benefits. (Bari Zamin, 2011) The core problem apparently lies with two things; issues regarding advertisement that include women exploitation and subliminal perception, Secondly deceptive form of advertising, that is legally staying with the boundaries but ethically not, by taking undue advantage of limitations a person has while viewing different form of advertisement (not able to read between the lines, the special terms and conditions that are hardly visible etc. Advertising also includes the element of informing consumers about products and services according to basic Islam teachings. They represent the basic Islamic teachings of respecting elder people and creating a positive bond rather than showing provocative images, haram products or free mixing of girls and boys which is completely prohibited in Islam. 6.3 Islamic Moral Standards Six ethical principles of Islamic values truthfulness and honesty and being straight forward with all information and dealings. Faith or trustworthiness on the brand developed through Islamic practices; Sincerity and clarity in presentation of facts and conduct. Brotherhood as it is the primary focus of Islamic society and great emphasis is laid on Islamic brethren and brotherhood, innovations and developments in science and technology and the roles it plays, and justice and equality as it is considered a primary basis for all functions in islam. These were ethical principles identified (Hanafy and Salam, 1988)Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) said: I have been sent only for the purpose of perfecting good morals. When questioned Which Muslim has the perfect faith? The Prophet (pbuh) replied: He who has the best moral character(Alghazzali, 1983). Emergence of new muslimenrepreneurs is leading to an ethical way of conducting businesses and marketing (Demir et al., 2004; Adas, 2006;OsellaandOsella, 2009). Applying Islamic principles into marketing gives an ethical dimension to margeting campaings as compared to conventional marketing which has an unethical record. Using immoral means in advertising can cause serious downfalls in the structure of a society causing it to deteriorate. Deceptive advertising being one of them is a major cause but sometimes it can be a case of mistaken identity. Sometimes, misinterpretation on the end of the consumer watching the ad can be considered can ill-information in the ad; however it can still cause a negative impact for brands in the minds of consumer resulting in a decline for the brand. In the case of advertising of fast food products, the author argues that the brands are to be equally blamed as much as the advertisers because their marketing strategy itself is based on creating an unwanted need amongst consumers, especially children (Nooh, 2012). Violence is also a major flaw in advertising which can have major effects on young ad viewers like children as it can encourage them to obtain aggressive habits which leads to unhealthy behavior (Nooh, 2012). Subliminal marketing cannot be termed as a practice of unethical advertising. It is merely a practice used by brands to create brand awareness amongst consumers using hidden messages. These ad themselves are not producing any unethical values or behaviors (Nooh, 2012). Sexual appeal used in ads causes young adults to take up celebrities as idols and start mirroring their lives in their own. They follow their fashion trends, lifestyles and make themselves just like the celebrities. Sexual appeal also causes consumers to carry an offensive mindset about a particular brand. Only people who are strong brand loyalists only successfully reject the offensive mindset and focus on the concept of the ad (El Hattab, 2008). Emotional appeal can lead to an increase in unwanted desires and can cause consumers to purchase product which they dont need at all and even cause them harm in the future. This can be particularly seen by the increased consumption of fast food by adolescents and young adults (El Hattab, 2008). The female contingent of the consumers still have a higher tendency to become more offended by unwanted content in advertisements than their male counterparts (El Hattab, 2008). Companies invest heavily in manufacturing certain products; they use celebrities and other famous personalities to feature in their ads. This is not only using emotional appeal in advertisements but this can also be considered as a form of deceptive advertising because the claims sometimes are baseless. This is considered to be completely unethical in Islam (Abbas Bari, 2011). The practice of showing mal dressed women in ads in on an increasing trend in the country but it can vary with the level of tolerance being present in the society. It varies from one country to another depending upon the state of the society in the country. Fairness in an ad is off utmost importance as well as according to Islamic teachings; consumers have every right to be completely informed about all aspects regarding any service or product (Abbas Bari, 2011). Similarly, overstating any products attributes or making claims which are not supported by any kind of proof or research have also been deemed to lie in the same category as deception. Advertisements today are openly spreading values and behaviors which are not acceptable in Islam and even though considering the economic system of the country which promotes a capitalistic nature in the conduct of ones business, it is imperative that all businesses keep in mind the features of the society they are functioning in and similarly the government should also play a key role in determining the right form of advertising starting from the grass root level which is basic education (Abbas Bari, 2011). 6.4 Islamic Ethics In Islam, ethics is more than just what is defined as right and wrong by the society. In Islam, as the ethics are mainly guided by the teachings of The Quran and Sunnah, ethics covers aspects of all physical, emotional and spiritual factors. Evaluating the advertisements can divide the effects into economic, political, cultural and moral effects the advertisements have had on the society (Nooh, 2009). Even though ethics is an integral part of all business aspects and not just advertising, Islam puts a moral barrier on the conduct of ones business related activities which helps a business man earn a rightful living through his transactions. It is unfair for any business to sell its products by false claims and deliberately hiding complete information about the concerned product or service (Akhter et al., 2011). As noted in the Quranic verse ,Standout firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allah, even though it be against yourself, or your parents, or your kin, be he rich or poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Quran, 4:135). Moreover, the holy prophet(SAW) said The sign of a hypocrite are three 1. Whenever he speaks he tells a lie. 2. Whenever he promises, He always breaks it. 3. If you trust him, he proves to be dishonest (Al-Bukhari, 1.32) and also: Prophet Muhammad (PBUM) forbade the sale of fruits till they are almost ripe. Anas was asked what is meant by are almost ripe He replied, Till they become red Allahs Messenger (PBUM) further said, If Allah spoiled the fruits, what right one would have to take the money of ones brother.(Al-Bukhari, 3.403) From this it can be determined the strict importance the religion of Islam places honesty and truthfulness. Therefore misleading claims and false promises are forbidden and should not be practiced. Advertising controversial products such as contraceptives and alcohol can lead to an offensive mindset in the eyes of the consumers. And not just Islamic consumers but those of every religion present in the world. Similarly, the controversial products identified are: addictive products such as tobacco or alcohol, indecent hygiene or personal products. Undergarments and private products, funeral services or memorial services, games of chance, weaponry and arms, medicines drugs and other pharmaceutical products, societies or parties with political affiliations, religious and ethnical groups, sexually transmittable diseases and viruses and weight reduction plan for overweight people (Edrogan. Et al, 2005) The greatest challenge over here is for marketers to come up with strategies to curb this offensive nature of such advertisements (Akhter et al., 2011). All brands, international and local, should come up with advertisement concepts which would suits the tastes of the majority Islamic public. This would not only create a better brand image in the eyes of the consumers for the brand itself but also help in increasing their sales across the board (Akhter et al., 2011). 6.5 Women in Advertisements It is stated in the Quran, Let there arise of you a group of people inviting to all that is good (Islam)enjoining Al-Maruf and forbidding Al-Munkar and it is they who are successful [. . .] (A ˆ  l-Imran 3:104). This shows that all those advertisements are allowed in Islam that shows women in a decent manner with proper clothing and playing positive role both in the society and family. (Rice and Al-Mossawi, 2002). Islamic Tradition emphasizes that women should be modestly dressed and covers themselves according to the principles and guidelines established. It then follows that women if portrayed in advertisement should be dressed according to the Islamic principles. They are required to follow the hijab dress code which entails the covering of the entire body except the hands and face. (HanzaeeChitsaz, 2011) As mentioned in the Quran: O prophet, tell your wives, your daughters and the believing women to draw their veils close to them, so it is likelier they will be known, and not hurt. Allah is the forgiver, the most merciful.( Quran 33:59) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Do not display your finery as pagan women used to do in the olden days of ignoranceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Quran 33:33) And à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Do not reveal their adornment except that which is outward (face and hands); and let them draw their veils over their neckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Quran 24:33). Islam has protected women and according to Islamic code of dressing women should cover themselves completely including their whole bodies, only their hands are permitted to be visible. Qurans says: And tell the believing women to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts, etc.) and not to show off their adornment except only that which is apparent (like palms of hands or one eye or both eyes for necessity to see the way, or outer dress like veil, gloves, head-cover, apron, etc.), and to draw their veils all over Juyubihinna (i.e. their bodies, faces, necks and bosoms, etc.) and not to reveal their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands fathers, their sons, their husbands sons, their brothers or their brothers sons, or their sisters sons, or their (Muslim) women (i.e. their sisters in Islà ¢m), or the (female) slaves whom their right hands possess, or old male servants who lack vigor, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex. And let them not stamp their feet so as to reveal what they hide of their adornment. And all of you beg Allah to forgive you all, O believers, th at you may be successful. [surah al-Noor 24:31] And Quran also mentions in another place: And as for women past child-bearing who do not expect wed-lock, it is no sin on them if they discard their (outer) clothing in such a way as not to show their adornment. But to refrain (i.e. not to discard their outer clothing) is better for them. And Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower. [al-Noor 24:60] O Prophet! Tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks (veils) all over their bodies (i.e. screen themselves completely except the eyes or one eye to see the way). That will be better, that they should be known (as free respectable women) so as not to be annoyed. And Allah is Ever Oft ¬Forgiving, Most Merciful. [Quran 33:59] In Islam a women must not wear thin clothes through which her whole body is visible. Also the clothes must not be skin tight. Western clothes are not allowed as they resemble mans clothing which is forbidden. Along with this the design of the clothes must not attract any man. Islam is very strict in women dressing so that no man is attracted towards women in to a lustful way because Islam protects women from wrong deeds. Ads featuring women should not have any semblance of overt sensuality or sexual connotations as this demeans the woman. Women are not objects and must not be portrayed as such and treated with respect and equality even if the sole objective is to promote and boost sales through their beauty (Anwar, 2011). This goes with all the teachings in Islam that women are to be treated with respect and not exploited in anyway. Women have been given a very high status in Islam and therefore exploiting women sexually or by any other mean in advertising should be considered not only as unethical but also haram as it is portraying a sin. Not only in Islamic societies, in other modern societies as well the exploitation of women is being considered as an unethical act and is being discouraged in all corners of the world 6.6 Islamic Products: Offensive product Vs. Offensive execution American advertisements show those things which are against other religions like Islam. Like the alcohol and drugs activities shows as it is a problem for society however it is less affecting other culture due to its limited scope. (Al-Jenaibi 2008)Drugs and alcohols are the problems and the only way to get rid of these problems is to show it on media and addressing this problem to society. (Al-Jenaibi, 2008) If they will know the problem then they can avoid it. Advertisements on these different problems are important for building on strong values to protect the society. (Al-Jenaibi, 2008) A customer should feel an ethical manner in a banks advertisements in all form of the business (Chachi et al., 2008). The bank should reach a level of ethicality where a customer would form trust, loyalty and satisfaction with the bank all at the same time.Similarly,the product should be perfected at the same time as the advertisement is. If the product has any flaws it will be very difficult for the bank to attract customers no matter how ethical they were being when it came to advertising. In the case of a bank, the company itself might not be at fault but its front end employees who are in direct interaction with the customers might sometimes overstate the value of a particular product to a customer and gain extra profits for sole purpose of their own personal benefit. . In the case of a service, as it can only be experienced the customer will only judge a particular service on the advertisements portrayed by the bank so therefore it is of utmost importance the bank practices complete ethical practices when advertising their products whether in an above the line tool or a below the line tool. In the below the line, the customers expectations are all but the product which the front end employee sells them (Chachi et al., 2008) For instance the basic differen between an Islamic financing tool and product that is financially equal is the interest charged on the financial instruments. The basic idea behing this thinking is that it is unfair to charge an interest or earn a revenue on a product because of its status as being lent to another person as the money that is borrowed should be returned equally as it is in part. Therefore value of the lended or borrowed money should not increase or decrease by Islamic guidelines (Ashraf, 2007). Through this we can deduce that any product which contains ingredients which would be considered as Haraam. According to the teachings of islam as stated in Quran and also observed in sunnah of the prophet it would be considered as an Illegal product. Substances like alcohol and swine have been strictly prohibited as various points in the Quran so we can deduce that any products made from these substances would automatically be considered as haram without any area of considerati on. However, any product that comprises of all legal materials in its making but a brand/ company promotes an unethical use for it through advertisements and marketing may be considered as an un-Islamic product or haram product through the rule of external flaw. Other variables that effect advertising include privacy, inaccurate information religious and social norms. Role of ethics in performance, behavior, decision, attitude, communication and choices are very important. (Sanayei et. al, 2012).Sanayeiet. al (2012) said previously ethics was considered as important but today marketers have violated the main foundation of ethics. All factors are important but according to result most important is privacy, then religious and social norms and thirdly the correct and accurate information. (Sanayei et. al, 2012) Al-Makaty et.al (1996) is based on perception of 2 television advertisements in Saudi Arabia. There is no single Islamic approach to advertising. Contradictory approach firstly